Table 3 The final model of bi-directional stepwise regression analyses for L1 proficiency using the original dataset.

Predictor	Gene	Major allele	Estimate	Confidence intervals	Uncorrected p	FDR corrected p	Partial eta squared	∆R²
(Intercept)			7.49	4.51–10.47	1.13e−06
Gender			0.38	0.15–0.61	0.001*^‡	0.012*^‡	0.026	0.022
Family SES			− 0.01	− 0.01 to − 0.00	0.008*^‡	0.028*^‡	0.017	0.014
rs6980093	FOXP2	A	0.12	− 0.03 to 0.26	0.110	0.121	0.006	0.003
rs1800497	*DRD2*	G	0.21	0.06–0.35	0.005*^‡	0.025*^‡	0.020	0.016
rs3765502	DCDC2	T	− 0.65	− 1.38 to 0.08	0.082	0.121	0.007	0.004
rs6940827	*DCDC2*	G	− 0.87	− 1.62 to − 0.13	0.022*^‡	0.049*^‡	0.013	0.009
rs2255526	DIP2A	A	0.15	− 0.03 to 0.34	0.106	0.121	0.006	0.004
rs6803202	ROBO1	C	− 0.11	− 0.25 to 0.04	0.162	0.162	0.005	0.002
rs9722	S100B	G	0.15	− 0.01 to 0.31	0.074	0.121	0.008	0.005
rs1087266	DCDC2	A	− 0.63	− 1.38 to 0.11	0.094	0.121	0.007	0.004
rs6456593	*DCDC2*	C	− 0.20	− 0.36 to − 0.04	0.012*^‡	0.033*^‡	0.015	0.012

Gender, family SES, and three SNPs (rs1800497, rs6940827, rs6456593) are independently associated with L1 HKDSE grades. The original model included gender (Female = 1; Male = 0), music training (Yes = 1; No = 0), family SES, and the 28 hypothesized SNPs. * indicates p < 0.05 (uncorrected); ^‡represents significant associations after FDR corrections for multiple comparisons.
Observations: 421.
R²/R² adjusted: 0.119/0.096, p = 2.215e−07.
Significant values are in bold.

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