Table 4 The final model of bi-directional stepwise regression analyses for L2 proficiency.

Predictor	Gene	Major allele	Estimate	Confidence intervals	Uncorrected p	FDR corrected p	Partial eta squared	∆R²
(Intercept)			4.22	3.60–4.83	< 2e−16
Gender			0.21	0.01–0.40	0.040*	0.060	0.010	0.007
Music			0.43	0.19–0.66	0.0003*^‡	0.002*^‡	0.031	0.026
Family SES			0.01	0.01–0.02	1.27e−06 *^‡	1.11e−05*^‡	0.056	0.050
rs2538976	CNTNAP2	T	0.13	− 0.04 to 0.29	0.125	0.153	0.006	0.003
rs2538991	*CNTNAP2*	C	0.20	0.02–0.38	0.026*^‡	0.046*^‡	0.012	0.008
rs6980093	*FOXP2*	A	0.27	0.05–0.49	0.016*^‡	0.036*^‡	0.014	0.010
rs1852469	*FOXP2*	A	− 0.34	− 0.57 to 0.12	0.003*^‡	0.009*^‡	0.021	0.017
rs4599626	DCDC2	C	− 0.12	− 0.28 to 0.05	0.155	0.155	0.005	0.002
rs9461045	KIAA0319	T	− 0.10	− 0.24 to 0.03	0.136	0.153	0.005	0.003

Music training, family SES, and three SNPs on CNTNAP2 (rs2538991) and FOXP2 (rs6980093, rs1852469) are independently associated with L2 HKDSE grades. The original model included gender (Female = 1; Male = 0), music (Yes = 1; No = 0), family SES, and the 28 hypothesized SNPs. * indicates p < 0.05 (uncorrected); ^‡represents significant associations after FDR corrections for multiple comparisons.
Observations: 421.
R²/R² adjusted: 0.138/0.119, p = 6.72e−10.
Significant values are in bold.

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