Table 6 Path coefficients of structural equation models (SEMs) for L1, L2, and L3.

From: Contributions of common genetic variants to specific languages and to when a language is learned

Language	Path	Major allele	Gene	Unstandardized	Standardized	z value	P value	95% CI
L1	Gender			0.365	0.146	3.072	0.002	[0.132–0.599]
	Family SES			− 0.008	− 0.122	− 2.500	0.012	[− 0.015 to − 0.002]
	Music			0.067	0.024	0.431	0.666	[− 0.238 to 0.372]
	rs9722	G	S100B	0.068	0.041	0.924	0.355	[− 0.076 to 0.213]
	rs2538991	C	CNTNAP2	0.024	0.015	0.290	0.772	[− 0.136 to 0.183]
	rs6980093	A	FOXP2	0.023	0.014	0.173	0.862	[− 0.234 to 0.28]
	rs1852469	A	FOXP2	0.085	0.052	0.627	0.531	[− 0.182 to 0.352]
	rs1800497	G	*DRD2*	0.171	0.110	2.273	0.023	[0.023–0.318]
	rs6940827	G	*DCDC2*	− 0.252	− 0.123	− 2.659	0.008	[− 0.438 to − 0.066]
	rs6456593	C	DCDC2	0.093	0.057	1.172	0.241	[− 0.063 to 0.249]
L2	L1			0.224	0.253	5.411	6.258e−8	[0.143–0.306]
	Gender			0.160	0.072	1.648	0.099	[− 0.030 to 0.350]
	Family SES			0.015	0.256	5.477	4.326e−8	[0.010–0.021]
	Music			0.370	0.150	2.807	0.005	[0.112–0.629]
	rs9722	G	S100B	− 0.064	− 0.043	− 1.052	0.293	[− 0.184 to 0.056]
	rs2538991	C	*CNTNAP2*	0.133	0.094	1.996	0.046	[0.002–0.265]
	rs6980093	A	FOXP2	0.157	0.113	1.548	0.122	[− 0.042 to 0.356]
	rs1852469	A	*FOXP2*	− 0.246	− 0.169	− 2.224	0.026	[− 0.463 to − 0.029]
	rs1800497	G	DRD2	− 0.047	− 0.034	− 0.784	0.433	[− 0.164 to 0.070]
	rs6940827	G	DCDC2	− 0.043	− 0.023	− 0.516	0.606	[− 0.205 to 0.120]
	rs6456593	C	DCDC2	− 0.085	− 0.059	− 1.396	0.163	[− 0.205 to 0.035]
L3	L1			0.008	0.009	0.164	0.870	[− 0.084 to 0.099]
	L2			0.289	0.295	5.259	1.447e−7	[0.181–0.397]
	Gender			− 0.103	− 0.048	− 1.19	0.234	[− 0.273 to 0.067]
	Family SES			− 0.005	− 0.085	− 1.907	0.056	[− 0.010 to 0.000]
	Music			− 0.108	− 0.045	− 1.14	0.254	[− 0.295 to 0.078]
	Attitude			− 0.018	− 0.02	− 0.498	0.619	[− 0.091 to 0.054]
	Anxiety			0.026	0.029	0.748	0.455	[− 0.043 to 0.095]
	External			− 0.033	− 0.034	− 0.858	0.391	[− 0.108 to 0.042]
	Internal			0.229	0.243	5.755	8.653e−9	[0.151–0.307]
	rs9722	G	*S100B*	0.163	0.112	2.871	0.004	[0.052–0.274]
	rs2538991	C	CNTNAP2	0.044	0.032	0.78	0.435	[− 0.066 to 0.154]
	rs6980093	A	FOXP2	− 0.185	− 0.135	− 1.908	0.056	[− 0.376 to 0.005]
	rs1852469	A	FOXP2	0.145	0.102	1.434	0.152	[− 0.053 to 0.343]
	rs1800497	G	DRD2	− 0.079	− 0.058	− 1.376	0.169	[− 0.191 to 0.033]
	rs6940827	G	DCDC2	0.062	0.035	0.913	0.361	[− 0.071 to 0.194]
	rs6456593	C	*DCDC2*	0.150	0.106	2.412	0.016	[0.028–0.271]

Gender and Music were coded as dummy variables with 1 = Female, 0 = Male; 1 = Have received at least 1 year of musical training, 0 = Have received less than 1 year of musical training or have not received any musical training at all. Both unstandardized and standardized beta coefficients between the two variables indicated by the path were reported. L1, L2, and L3 are latent variables of language proficiency with Chinese HKDSE grades, English HKDSE grades, and L3 Global scores as their indicators, respectively. In total, 609 participants were included in the SEM.
Significant values are in bold.

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Table 6 Path coefficients of structural equation models (SEMs) for L1, L2, and L3.

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