Table 5 Percentage difference between the perturbative approach and literature models for MSE, MAPE, and MAE.

From: Hybrid systems using residual modeling for sea surface temperature forecasting

Dataset

Model

Pertubative approach

SVR

LSTM

MSE

MAPE

MAE

MSE

MAPE

MAE

S1

ETS60

87.14

70.63

68.27

87.14

70.63

68.27

Single SVR3,19

81.78

61.59

59.29

81.78

61.59

59.29

Single LSTM19,58

86.37

66.65

64.41

86.37

66.65

64.41

ConvLSTM11,50

50.25

34.73

31.85

50.25

34.73

31.85

NARX1

21.44

31.63

26.15

21.44

31.63

26.15

S2

ETS60

97.20

85.88

85.59

97.20

85.79

85.51

Single SVR3,19

98.93

90.56

91.09

98.92

90.50

91.05

Single LSTM19,58

98.70

89.57

90.13

98.69

89.51

90.08

ConvLSTM11,50

87.39

66.75

66.40

87.38

66.55

66.21

NARX1

46.76

35.27

32.71

46.71

34.88

32.34

S3

ETS60

83.76

57.73

57.62

86.31

62.14

61.98

Single SVR3,19

63.64

38.66

37.20

69.35

45.06

43.65

Single LSTM19,58

18.07

3.94

3.36

30.93

13.97

13.30

ConvLSTM11,50

25.90

11.48

9.25

37.54

20.72

18.57

NARX1

− 2.15

2.16

− 0.30

13.89

12.37

10.01