Table 1 Summary statistics and correlations among all measures.

From: Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations

Variables

Descriptive statistics

Correlations

Mean (SD)

ICC

α within

α between

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

WHI

Cognitive subjective well-being

1. Life satisfaction

4.30 (1.29)

.06

.80

.89

 

.19

− .05

.33 *

.04

− .12

− .10

.16

.04

.30

.37 *

Emotional subjective well-being

2. PA Frequency

5.60 (1.54)

.03

.74

.83

.47 ***

 

− .35 *

.85 ***

− .51 ***

− .37 *

− .09

− .42 **

− .05

− .27

− .21

3. NA Frequency

4.74 (1.85)

.08

.75

.92

− .38 ***

− .43 ***

 

− .29

.93 ***

.64 ***

.58 ***

.64 ***

.54***

.44 **

.23

4. PA Intensity

5.60 (1.66)

.03

.77

.83

.39 ***

.76 ***

− .35 ***

 

− .32 *

− .40 *

− .14

− .35 *

.05

− .02

− .21

5. NA intensity

4.80 (1.96)

.06

.77

.89

− .34 ***

− .41 ***

.82 ***

− .22 ***

 

.57 ***

.49 **

.63 ***

.48**

.48 **

.29

Clinical subjective well-being

6. Depression

1.75 (0.65)

.12

.83

.95

− .44 ***

− .48 ***

.63 ***

− .39 ***

.58 ***

 

.90***

.88 ***

.22

.26

.06

7. Anxiety

1.69 (0.60)

.11

.78

.95

− .23 ***

− .33 ***

.55 ***

− .25 ***

.52 ***

.63 ***

 

.79 ***

.32 *

.21

− .06

8. Stress

2.00 (0.61)

.12

.80

.95

− .25 ***

− .40 ***

.61 ***

− .31 ***

.58 ***

.65 ***

.70 ***

 

.23

.41 **

.23

Perceived emotion norm

9. SEHS

6.01 (1.34)

.11

.75

.94

− .05 *

− .10 ***

.27 ***

− .08 **

.24 ***

.21 ***

.22 ***

.24 ***

 

.63 ***

.23

10. SEDAS

5.56 (1.18)

.11

.72

.95

− .21 ***

− .23 ***

.31 ***

− .18 ***

.29 ***

.27 ***

.23 ***

.26 ***

.54 ***

 

.26

  1. ICC = Intra-class correlation, ratio of between-country variance to total variance. Within- and between-country multilevel internal consistencies (α) were calculated following79. Correlations below the diagonal represent the average within-country correlation between people’s personal scores, correlations above the diagonal represent the between-country correlations between country means (i.e., national scores). WHI = World Happiness Index; PA = Positive Affect; NA = Negative Affect; SEHS = Social Expectancies to be Happy Scale; SEDAS = Social Expectancies not to feel Depressed or Anxious Scale; *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.
Back to article page