Table 2 Exploring the universality of the detrimental well-being effects of the perceived social pressure to be happy and not to be depressed or anxious.

	Perceived social pressure to be happy					Perceived social pressure not to be depressed or anxious
	Fixed effect	SD random effects	# Positive	# Negative	# Null	Fixed effect	SD random effects	# Positive	# Negative	# Null
Cognitive subjective well-being
Life satisfaction	− 0.05*	0.11	5	10	25	− 0.23***	0.10	5	24	10
Emotional subjective well-being
PA Frequency	− 0.11***	0.14	4	14	22	− 0.27***	0.15	13	18	8
NA Frequency	0.36***	0.09	36	0	4	0.46***	0.08	35	0	4
PA Intensity	− 0.09**	0.13	3	10	27	− 0.24***	0.13	3	28	8
NA intensity	0.36***	0.10	32	0	8	0.46***	0.09	34	0	5
Clinical subjective well-being
Depression	0.10***	0.05	32	0	8	0.14***	0.04	33	0	6
Anxiety	0.09***	0.03	33	1	6	0.11***	0.03	31	0	8
Stress	0.10***	0.04	34	0	6	0.12***	0.04	32	1	6

Each fixed effect represents the observed relation for the average country in our sample. The standard deviation of the random effects distribution describes the observed variability around that average association. For each well-being variable, we report the number of significant positive, significant negative and null-associations across countries (n = 40 for the perceived social pressure to be happy; n = 39 for the perceived social pressure not to be depressed or anxious, due to an irreversible coding error for Poland). Both types of pressure were within-country centered. The number of associations that mirror the fixed effect are bolded. PA = Positive Affect; NA = Negative Affect; *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.

Quick links

Search