Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Metformin exerts anti-cancerogenic effects and reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition trait in primary human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells

Figure 2

Effect of Metformin on cell density, population doubling time (PDT) and apoptosis of primary iCCA cell cultures. (A) Optical microscopy pictures of primary cultures of Large and Small duct-type iCCA exposed to Metformin 10 µM or 100 µM for 96 h; the decreased cell density (vs controls) is clearly evident. Data represent N = 5 independent experiments. (B) PDT was calculated as the time (days) required by cell cultures to duplicate their cell number. Metformin markedly elongated the PDT. Data represent mean ± SD of N = 5 independent experiments. *p < 0.05 versus controls. &p < 0.05 versus 10 µM. (C) Apoptosis was assessed in both Large and Small duct-type iCCA primary cell cultures by Annexin-V/PI assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased after treatment for 48 or 96 h with Metformin 10 µM or 100 µM. Data represent mean ± SD of N = 5 independent experiments; *p < 0.05 versus controls; &p < 0.05 versus 10 µM.

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