Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 5729 participants according to groups defined by baseline alcohol consumption.

From: Effect of alcohol consumption on kidney function: population-based cohort study

Patient characteristics

Total

Baseline alcohol consumption category

P value

Group 1

Non-drinkers

Group 2

< 10 g/day

Group 3

10–30 g/day

Group 4

≥ 30 g/day

Total population, N (%)

5729

3059 (53)

1372 (24)

758 (13)

540 (10)

 

Age, years

51 ± 8

52 ± 9

50 ± 8

50 ± 8

50 ± 8

< 0.001

Male, %

2638 (46)

745 (24)

692 (50)

681 (90)

520 (96)

< 0.001

Current smoker, %

1285 (23)

304 (10)

322 (24)

369 (49)

290 (54)

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

24.7 ± 3.1

24.8 ± 3.2

24.6 ± 3.0

24.6 ± 2.8

24.7 ± 3.0

0.917

Comorbidities, %

Diabetes mellitus

735 (13)

412 (13)

128 (9)

102 (13)

93 (17)

0.196

Hypertension

1877 (33)

1023 (33)

354 (26)

286 (38)

214 (40)

0.01

Hyperlipidemia

158 (3)

66 (2)

38 (3)

34 (4)

20 (4)

0.001

Cardiovascular disease

125 (2)

76 (2)

22 (2)

14 (2)

13 (2)

0.397

Household incomea, %

     

< 0.001

Low

3483 (62)

2047 (68)

799 (59)

400 (53)

237 (44)

 

Middle

1678 (30)

751 (25)

455 (33)

268 (36)

204 (38)

 

High

485 (9)

197 (7)

107 (8)

86 (11)

95 (18)

 

Education level, %

     

< 0.001

Middle school or lower

3001 (53)

1871 (62)

634 (46)

284 (37)

212 (39)

 

High school

1881 (33)

860 (28)

510 (37)

295 (39)

216 (40)

 

College or higher

816 (14)

302 (10)

224 (16)

179 (24)

111 (21)

 

Alcohol consumption

Frequency, times/month

1 (0–2)

0 (0–0)

2 (1–2)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–3)

< 0.001

Amount per occasion, glass/occasion

1 (0–6)

0 (0–0)

3 (2–6)

7 (5–10)

10 (7–14)

< 0.001

Total alcohol intake, g/day

0.5 (0.0–11.6)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

4.2 (2.1–7.9)

19.6 (14.2–27.0)

47.1 (34.7–66.0)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

120 ± 18

120 ± 19

118 ± 18

121 ± 18

123 ± 18

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

80 ± 12

79 ± 12

79 ± 12

82 ± 11

83 ± 12

< 0.001

Nutritional intake, g/day

Protein

62 (48–78)

59 (45–75)

63 (50–79)

65 (50–82)

71 (56–87)

< 0.001

Fat

29 (19–41)

26 (17–37)

31 (21–41)

33 (22–46)

37 (25–50)

< 0.001

Carbohydrate

325 (279–385)

323 (276–387)

326 (281–381)

323 (286–374)

334 (289–390)

0.009

Sodium

2.9 (2.1–3.9)

2.8 (2.0–3.7)

2.9 (2.1–3.9)

3.1 (2.3–4.1)

3.3 (2.5–4.6)

< 0.001

Laboratory variables

Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.6 ± 1.6

13.1 ± 1.5

13.6 ± 1.6

14.6 ± 1.3

14.8 ± 1.2

< 0.001

Serum albumin, g/dL

4.5 (4.3–4.7)

4.5 (4.3–4.6)

4.5 (4.3–4.7)

4.6 (4.4–4.8)

4.6 (4.4–4.8)

< 0.001

Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL

88 (82–94)

87 (82–93)

87 (82–92)

90 (85–98)

92 (86–101)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

189 (168–213)

188 (167–211)

188 (167–212)

191 (170–215)

195 (170–220)

< 0.001

AST, IU/L

22 (18–28)

21 (18–26)

22 (18–27)

25 (21–31)

27 (22–33)

< 0.001

ALT, IU/L

19 (14–27)

17 (13–24)

19 (14–27)

23 (18–33)

26 (19–34)

< 0.001

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.7 (0.7–0.9)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

1.0 (0.8–1.1)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

95 (83–104)

96 (85–104)

96 (83–105)

93 (82–103)

92 (82–102)

0.034

C-reactive protein, mg/L

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.021

Albuminuria, %

341 (6)

204 (7)

69 (5)

35 (5)

33 (6)

0.09

  1. AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate.
  2. SI conversion factor: to convert hemoglobin from g/dL to g/L multiply by 10; to convert serum albumin in g/dL to g/L, multiply by 10; to convert creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; to convert total cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L multiply by 0.0259.
  3. Values for categorical variables are shown as No. (%); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
  4. aHousehold income was categorized into three groups; < 2,000,000 Korean won (KRW) per month (low), 2,000,000 to < 4,000,000 KRW per month (middle), and ≥ 4,000,000 KRW per month (high).
Back to article page