Figure 3
Typical voiding responses induced with scES in T9 transected males and females. After chronic transection, two patterns of fluid expulsion were found: voiding with EUS bursting (females only, A) and overflow incontinence (females, B; males, C). Regardless of phenotype, all transected animals empty immediately at the onset of scES. A contraction is triggered shortly after onset of scES using above-MT intensity at L5-S1, as evidenced by reduced area under the curves, maximum pressures and shorter more efficient contraction times with larger volumes voided (see heat maps in Fig. 4).
