Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Cytoplasmic vacuolation with endoplasmic reticulum stress directs sorafenib induced non-apoptotic cell death in hepatic stellate cells

Figure 3

Dose dependent sorafenib induced cytoplasmic vacuolation in LX2 cells are due to ER stress. (a,b) Phase-contrast and Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of untreated control and 10 µM sorafenib treated LX2 cells for 24 h. TEM images were taken using × 12,000 magnification, scale bar: 1 μm. Cytoplasmic vacuoles (asterisk, *) were observed in 10 µM sorafenib treated LX2 cells. (c) The confocal microscopic images of 10 μM sorafenib treated LX2 cells showed alteration of ER tracker along with cytoplasmic vacuolation with respective to untreated control after 24 h. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). (d) The confocal microscopic images showing enhanced calreticulin expression LX2 cells after 10 μM sorafenib treatment after 12 h. Relative fluorescence intensities of ER tracker dye and calreticulin in LX2 cells after exposure with 10 µM sorafenib in compare with untreated control were represented in a graph. The bars represent mean ± s.d. from three independent experiments (ns > 0.05, **P < 0.01 Student's unpaired t test).

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