Table 4 Association between quartiles of blood lead level and hypertension.

From: Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

 

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Blood lead level (µg/dL)

< 0.89

0.89–< 1.30

1.30–< 2.10

≥ 2.10

Crude

1 (reference)

1.62 [1.49–1.75]

2.05 [1.89–2.23]

2.59 [2.37–2.83]

Model 1

1 (reference)

1.01 [0.92–1.10]

0.96 [0.87–1.05]

0.95 [0.87–1.04]

Model 2

1 (reference)

1.15 [1.05–1.25]

1.17 [1.06–1.29]

1.25 [1.13–1.38]

Model 3

1 (reference)

1.13 [1.01–1.26]

1.13 [0.99–1.29]

1.16 [1.01–1.39]

Model 4

1 (reference)

1.15 [1.04–1.26]

1.17 [1.05–1.31]

1.21 [1.07–1.36]

  1. Figures are expressed as odds ratio [95% confidence interval].
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity.
  3. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and waist circumference.
  4. Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, waist circumference, poverty to income ratio, education and ever cigarette smoking.
  5. Model 4: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, waist circumference, poverty to income ratio, education, ever cigarette smoking, diabetes and stage 3–5 chronic kidney diseases.
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