Figure 3

Cervical vagus nerve stimulation in the basal glucose state. (A) Schematic diagram of the location of laser stimulation. (B) Blood glucose levels in laser-stimulated ChAT-ChR2 mice (left, n = 6), non-laser-stimulated ChAT-ChR2 mice (middle, n = 6) and laser-stimulated wild-type mice (right, n = 5) (laser stimulation indicated by blue bar, 5 ms pulses, 20 Hz). (C) Quantification of post stimulation insulin levels showed a large, significant increase in the laser-stimulated ChAT-ChR2 group relative to controls. (D) Quantification of glucose changes in the early stimulation period (0-15 min following stimulation onset), late stimulation period (15–25 min) and post stimulation period (25–40 min). P-values refer to comparison with respect to pre-stimulus level. (E) Comparison of glucose changes during the late stimulation period across the three groups. Data in (B–E) presented as the mean over n = 6 ChaT-ChR2 recordings (with light and without light) and n = 5 WT recordings. Error bars represent standard error in the mean.