Table 2 Association between the concentrations of urinary NNAL and cotinine in children and parents' smoking status.

From: Association between parents’ smoking status and tobacco exposure in school-age children: assessment using major urine biomarkers

Variables

Log-transformed model

NNAL

Cotinine

ß

S.E

P value

ß

S.E

P value

Parents' smoking status

Smoker

0.482

0.065

 < 0.001

0.472

0.06

 < 0.001

Non-smoker

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Children

Sex

 Male

0.159

0.062

0.010

0.110

0.054

0.044

 Female

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Age*

− 0.036

0.018

0.046

− 0.013

0.016

0.399

BMI

 Underweight

− 0.039

0.072

0.589

− 0.055

0.064

0.390

 Normal

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 verweight

0.341

0.169

0.044

0.253

0.148

0.088

SHSE (house)

 Yes

0.441

0.193

0.023

0.532

0.169

0.002

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

SHSE (public)

 Yes

0.026

0.136

0.846

− 0.106

0.119

0.375

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Parents

Household income

 Q1 (low)

0.197

0.102

0.053

0.146

0.089

0.102

 Q2

0.165

0.088

0.062

0.024

0.078

0.753

 Q3

0.041

0.088

0.637

0.044

0.077

0.571

 Q4 (high)

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Type of housing

 Apartment

− 0.315

0.076

 < 0.001

− 0.219

0.067

0.001

 House

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Region

 Urban area

0.215

0.074

0.004

0.048

0.065

0.457

 Rural area

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Age (father), years

 < 40

0.066

0.159

0.679

− 0.294

0.139

0.035

 40–49

0.134

0.139

0.336

− 0.246

0.122

0.044

 ≥ 50

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Age (mother), years

 < 40

0.436

0.266

0.101

0.338

0.233

0.148

 40–49

0.460

0.259

0.076

0.337

0.227

0.138

 ≥ 50

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Education level (father)

 Middle school or lower

0.317

0.163

0.052

0.411

0.143

0.004

 High school

0.334

0.080

 < 0.001

0.143

0.070

0.042

 College or higher

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Education level (mother)

 Middle school or lower

0.915

0.185

 < 0.001

0.451

0.162

0.006

 High school

0.035

0.078

0.650

− 0.062

0.068

0.365

 College or higher

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Private health insurance (father)

 Yes

0.078

0.201

0.699

0.120

0.176

0.497

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Private health insurance (mother)

 Yes

− 0.034

0.176

0.845

− 0.118

0.154

0.444

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Drinking status (father)

 Yes

− 0.012

0.083

0.885

− 0.023

0.073

0.752

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Drinking status (mother)

 Yes

0.030

0.066

0.648

− 0.144

0.058

0.013

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

Year

 2016

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 2017

− 0.105

0.076

0.168

0.001

0.067

1.000

 2018

− 0.042

0.076

0.582

0.064

0.066

0.337

  1. BMI body mass index, NNAL 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, Ref. reference group of parents who are non-smokers, S.E. standard error, SHSE secondhand smoke exposure.
  2. * Age is a continuous variable and N = Mean, % = standard deviation.
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