Table 1 Effects of a 16-week aquatic exercise (AE) and burdock root extract (BE) intervention on metabolic syndrome and body composition parameters.

From: Exercise training and burdock root (Arctium lappa L.) extract independently improve abdominal obesity and sex hormones in elderly women with metabolic syndrome

Variable	Group	Pre		Post		Effect size Cohen's d	Interaction	Main
Variable	Group	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Effect size Cohen's d	p-value	p-value
Age (years)	CON	76.71	5.91
	AE	75.83	4.26
	BE	73.80	5.81
	AE + BE	74.17	4.40
TG (mg/dl)	CON	167.14	62.04	165.57	62.09	− 0.03	0.001^††	T	0.000^†††
	AE	164.33	40.98	131.33	36.01**	− 0.81		T	0.000^†††
	BE	121.00	60.17	109.20	49.65	− 0.20		G	0.328
	AE + BE	179.50	22.85	119.50	18.16***	− 2.63		G	0.328
HDL-C (mg/dl)	CON	54.57	10.06	53.14	7.69	− 0.14	0.026^†	T	0.121
	AE	49.00	20.46	48.67	18.96	− 0.02		T	0.121
	BE	46.20	14.13	47.36	7.64	0.08		G	0.767
	AE + BE	48.17	6.62	55.17	5.56**	1.06		G	0.767
Glucose (mg/dl)	CON	111.14	25.37	120.71	29.20	0.38	0.007^††	T	0.037^†
	AE	123.67	24.83	96.70	14.39**	− 1.09		T	0.037^†
	BE	95.60	14.15	95.80	4.82	0.02		G	0.190
	AE + BE	103.50	24.19	88.83	10.76	− 0.61		G	0.190
Systolic BP (mmHg)	CON	140.57	24.17	147.57	13.26	0.29	0.233	T	0.141
	AE	143.83	9.99	133.33	11.06	− 1.05		T	0.141
	BE	159.20	27.91	141.60	17.52	− 0.63		G	0.430
	AE + BE	161.17	22.44	150.83	30.69	− 0.46		G	0.430
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	CON	73.86	7.36	76.14	8.19	0.31	0.105	T	0.038^†
	AE	73.17	8.64	76.50	8.94	0.39		T	0.038^†
	BE	87.60	15.92	81.20	9.04	− 0.40		G	0.057
	AE + BE	80.17	5.46	80.50	9.03	0.06		G	0.057
BMI (kg/m²)	CON	24.78	1.06	24.76	0.94	− 0.02	0.128	T	0.267
	AE	23.94	1.54	24.02	1.50	0.05		T	0.267
	BE	26.54	2.90	26.03	3.30	− 0.18		G	0.304
	AE + BE	26.17	3.41	26.22	3.43	0.02		G	0.304
Waist circumference (cm)	CON	88.29	3.38	91.71	3.25*	1.01	0.003^††	T	0.970
	AE	90.92	3.41	88.17	4.07	− 0.81		T	0.970
	BE	92.30	5.60	94.20	7.36	0.34		G	0.679
	AE + BE	90.25	9.87	87.77	9.74	− 0.25		G	0.679
% body fat	CON	35.32	3.07	38.43	7.62	1.01	0.161	T	0.390
	AE	31.66	6.58	28.89	6.62	− 0.42		T	0.390
	BE	36.90	3.76	35.50	3.73	− 0.37		G	0.041^†
	AE + BE	39.42	4.46	36.76	4.42	− 0.60		G	0.041^†
% abdominal fat	CON	0.88	0.03	0.92	0.04	1.33	0.005^††	T	0.486
	AE	0.87	0.06	0.81	0.10	− 1.00*		T	0.486
	BE	0.92	0.09	0.94	0.08	0.22		G	0.088
	AE + BE	0.90	0.03	0.89	0.03	− 0.33		G	0.088
Lean body mass (kg)	CON	37.41	2.17	35.51	3.77	− 0.88	0.112	T	0.560
	AE	39.13	3.82	40.77	2.45	0.43		T	0.560
	BE	40.62	5.91	40.62	5.68	0.00		G	0.151
	AE + BE	36.70	2.72	38.37	2.56	0.61		G	0.151

Repeated measures ANOVA (time × group) showed a main effect and interaction on all parameters.
CON control, BMI body mass index, TG triglycerides, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, BP blood pressure, T time effect, G group effect.
Values are the mean ± SD. ^†p < 0.05, ^††p < 0.01, ^†††p < 0.001. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. pre-trial. Effect size range: |0.20| ≦ small < |0.50| < medium < |0.80| ≦ large⁵⁶.

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Table 1 Effects of a 16-week aquatic exercise (AE) and burdock root extract (BE) intervention on metabolic syndrome and body composition parameters.

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