Figure 1

Identification of putative venom proteins in T. sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) combining transcriptomic and proteomic approach. (a) Overview of venom gland, reservoir, and sting of the female of T. sinensis at the optical microscope. Scale bar 100 µm. RE reservoir, ST sting, VG venom gland. (b) SDS-PAGE of crude venom extract from T. sinensis. Venom proteins were separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and stained with colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) (lane 2). Selected protein bands were excised from the gel and processed for LC/MS–MS analysis. Lane 1: molecular marker “All Blue Standards Biorad” (Biorad, Hercules, California, USA) (c) venom protein number identified with transcriptomic and combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach: 143 venom proteins were identified through an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach and 52 additional transcripts encoding putative venom proteins were identified in venom gland transcriptome through a “venom” keyword research.