Table 5 Precopulatory Isolation Index within and between Littorina “saxatilis” and “obtusata” species categorized by site and littoral zone.

Comparison	Species	Level	D. Zelentsy, 2015	Kiberg, 2016	Kiberg, 2017
Within “saxatilis” group	L. saxatilis—L. arcana	Upper	0.19 ± 0.21, p = 0.377	0.86 ± 0.34, p = 0.14	0.26 ± 0.52, p = 0.605
	L. saxatilis—L. arcana	Lower	0.03 ± 0.54, p = 0.879	− 0.14 ± 0.54, p = 0.541
	L. saxatilis—L. compressa	Lower	0.89 ± 0.16, p = 0.003	0.91 ± 0.26, p = 0.066	0.94 ± 0.19, p = 0.012
	L. arcana—L. compressa	Lower	0.78 ± 0.55, p = 0.199	0.72 ± 0.6, p = 0.214
Within “obtusata” group	L. obtusata—L. fabalis	Lower		0.88 ± 0.21, p = 0.023	0.99 ± 0.04, p < 0.001
Between groups	L. obtusata—L. saxatilis	Upper			0.98 ± 0.06, p < 0.001
	L. obtusata—L. saxatilis	Lower	0.99 ± 0.03, p < 0.001	0.99 ± 0.04, p < 0.001	0.92 ± 0.23, p = 0.058
	L. obtusata—L. arcana	Upper			0.92 ± 0.23, p = 0.036
	L. obtusata—L. arcana	Lower	0.86 ± 0.34, p = 0.112	0.9 ± 0.25, p = 0.015
	L. obtusata—L. compressa	Lower	0.95 ± 0.14, p < 0.001	0.92 ± 0.24, p = 0.029	0.98 ± 0.09, p = 0.004
	L. fabalis—L. Saxatilis	Lower		0.95 ± 0.14, p = 0.004	0.58 ± 0.34, p = 0.096
	L. fabalis—L. arcana	Lower		0.83 ± 0.42, p = 0.128
	L. fabalis—L. compressa	Lower		0.86 ± 0.35, p = 0.091	0.97 ± 0.07, p < 0.001

I_PC describes total premating isolation; its value varies between − 1 and 1 (− 1—disassortative mating, 0—random mating, 1—assortative mating). L. saxatilis males with 1.5 penial rows were excluded from the analysis. Bootstrap means ± standard deviations are given; p—the two-tail probability of rejecting H₀: I_PC = 0 in the test using bootstrap with 10 000 iterations.

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