Table 1 Baseline characteristics of variables.

Covariates

Population density (people/km²)

132.78

561.10

0.49

17.16

45.38

89.46

7249.61

Gender (male %)

49.87

2.30

45.96

49.05

49.60

50.20

67.49

Age 0–4 (years, %)

11.46

4.68

4.03

6.97

11.23

15.15

20.99

Age 5–14 (years, %)

21.47

5.89

9.72

15.84

22.74

26.65

31.28

Age 15–49 (years, %)

50.27

4.30

40.37

47.28

49.97

53.15

67.92

Age 50–69 (years, %)

12.40

5.59

5.51

8.06

9.88

16.70

26.67

Age > 70 (years, %)

4.40

3.30

0.60

1.84

2.90

6.71

13.02

Economic—income level (categorical variable)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Alcohol consumption (liters/population/year)

4.68

4.06

0.00

12.23

3.78

7.57

14.06

Smoking (%)

22.14

16.26

0.00

8.25

22.70

34.35

73.40

Healthcare expenditure (% of GDP)

6.61

2.74

0.00

4.80

6.35

8.39

17.14

Temperature (°C)

19.29

8.00

− 6.21

11.80

22.78

25.71

28.74

Wind speed (m/s)

6.37

1.48

3.09

5.27

6.41

7.41

10.41

Exposures

PM_2.5 (µg/m³)^a

17.62

14.44

0.46

7.42

14.67

23.14

67.13

NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)^b

0.47

0.20

0.08

0.33

0.51

0.63

0.82

Health outcome

DALY loss due to LRIs (years)

41.21

41.99

1.68

6.68

14.85

63.11

235.03