Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants.

	NW	OB	p
N	46	46
Age (M ± SD)	49 ± 11	50 ± 12	0.345
Female (n, %)	40, 87.0	40, 87.0	1.000
Anthropometric data
BMI (kg/m²) (M ± SD)	21.6 ± 2.1	36.0 ± 6.0	9.9 × 10⁻⁵
Fat mass (kg) (M ± SD)		39.1 ± 11.9
Fat mass (%) (M ± SD)		42.3 ± 5.7
Muscle mass (Kg) (M ± SD)		48.5 ± 11.3
Waist circumference (cm) (M ± SD)	73.7 ± 5.7	111 ± 15	7 × 10⁻⁶
Overweight (N, %)		5, 11
Obesity Class I (N; %)		17, 37
Obesity Class II (N; %)		17, 37
Obesity Class III (N, %)		7, 15
Lifestyle factors
Smoking status Yes (n, %)	8, 17.8	12, 26	0.339
Alcohol consumption None (n, %)	10, 21.7	21, 46	0.015
Alcohol consumption Rare (n, %)	24, 52.2	17, 37	0.142
Alcohol consumption Moderate (n, %)	12, 26.1	8, 17	0.312
Daily caloric intake, kcal (M ± SD)	1467.8 ± 162.3	1810 ± 627	1.563 × 10⁻⁸
Daily carbohydrates intake, % (M ± SD)	50.9 ± 3	50 ± 7	8 × 10⁻⁶
Daily lipids intake, % (M ± SD)	27.2 ± 4.3	33 ± 6	0.006
Daily saturated lipids intake/total lipids intake, % (M ± SD)	27.8 ± 4.3	38 ± 7	0.022
Daily proteins intake, grams (M ± SD)	62.3 ± 8.8	78 ± 43	0.001
Daily fiber intake, grams (M ± SD)	20.0 ± 3.2	15 ± 8	0.018
MedDietScore (M ± SD)	33.4 ± 4.1	28 ± 5	0.106
IPAQ METs/week (M ± SD)	2604.8 ± 135.4	662 ± 28	1 × 10⁻⁶
Dyslipidemia
Yes (n, %)	0	12, 26
Alteration in glucose metabolism*
Yes (n, %)	0	32, 70
Hypertension
Yes, %	0	11, 24

*impaired Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) between 100 and 125 mg/dl (6.9 mmol/l), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) if 2 h post-OGTT plasma glucose was 140–199 mg/dl (7.8–11.0 mmol/l), T2DM if FPG was ≥ 126 mg/dl (≥ 7 mmol/l) on two days apart, or if 2 h post-OGTT plasma glucose was ≥ 200 mg/dl (≥ 11.1 mmol/l). The statistical significance was evaluated by t test for independent samples for continuous variables and by Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables. Bold values denote statistical significance (p < 0.05). NW = healthy normal-weight controls, OB = obese and overweight patients.

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