Table 3 Effects of tillage practice and irrigation regime on the total root surface area and total root volume of winter wheat.

From: Tillage and irrigation increase wheat root systems at deep soil layer and grain yields in lime concretion black soil

Year

Treatment

Total root surface area (TRSA)/ × 103 m2·ha−1

Total root volume (TRV)/m3·ha−1

Jointing

Heading

Anthesis

Filling

Maturity

Jointing

Heading

Anthesis

Filling

Maturity

2015–2016

SSW0

196.49abc

490.33d

576.39c

410.18c

275.59d

78.47b

142.74e

216.82c

151.82c

92.08c

SSW1

204.29a

583.34a

681.95a

634.77a

489.39a

81.67a

185.52a

254.10a

223.84a

172.63a

SSW2

201.47ab

556.47b

644.03b

592.47b

440.85b

80.55a

179.14b

238.88b

209.12b

161.56b

RTW0

183.30d

419.16e

406.78f.

288.32e

220.46e

73.46c

138.20f.

132.35f.

69.76e

49.62f.

RTW1

193.66bc

551.30b

512.47d

398.64c

306.48c

75.22c

172.28c

173.89d

101.01d

76.08d

RTW2

188.64 cd

526.67c

494.11e

382.27d

274.00d

74.21c

167.19d

163.43e

97.74d

64.77e

Tillage practice

30.31***

104.58***

1193.25***

2729.11***

1347.90***

172.87***

79.02***

1096.29***

7385.13***

9831.03***

Irrigation regime

5.62*

246.76***

179.16***

811.16***

593.28***

10.16**

460.97***

92.84***

674.00***

1689.73***

T*I

0.13

9.60**

1.92

91.01***

119.48***

1.06

5.91*

1.30

97.94***

519.53***

2016–2017

SSW0

319.66a

596.39c

675.64b

508.28c

348.47c

101.30b

176.42d

244.24c

141.15d

92.54e

SSW1

323.78a

704.16a

756.40a

666.75a

508.11a

104.98a

216.19a

338.49a

235.63a

180.10a

SSW2

321.55a

679.16b

759.65a

608.70b

442.01b

103.36ab

204.76b

314.47b

210.74b

160.96b

RTW0

279.49c

490.64d

414.78e

312.74f.

276.74f.

93.80d

165.59e

166.80f.

115.74e

85.71f.

RTW1

290.68b

615.46c

558.45c

464.33d

329.74d

96.73c

193.25c

200.68d

154.85c

129.43c

RTW2

287.32b

599.97c

516.77d

419.30e

315.76e

94.80 cd

176.83d

180.00e

138.28d

110.54d

Tillage practice

629.27***

209.32***

1044.13***

1196.11***

1523.31***

139.38***

88.41***

4176.27***

1272.93***

2343.77***

Irrigation regime

9.81**

129.48***

91.66***

259.33***

372.10***

7.73**

79.99***

433.25***

559.35***

2754.79***

T*I

2.36

1.52

6.68*

0.44

91.74***

0.21

5.40*

117.95***

106.63***

384.49***

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