Figure 1
From: Addressing indirect frequency coupling via partial generalized coherence
Overview of connectivity motifs23,24,25 that can lead to incorrect inference without pairwise and partial analysis. Arrows indicate variable definitions. For example, X\(\rightarrow \)Y denotes that Y is generated by adding noise to X, while X is independently generated. (a) X and Z will exhibit a non-zero pairwise relationship, however controlling for Y will eliminate this indirect relationship. (b) Y and X will exhibit a non-zero pairwise relationship, however controlling for Z will eliminate this indirect relationship. (c) When Y and X are independent, a partial analysis between them conditioned on Z will produce a non-zero value.
