Table 3 Relative gene expression of cytokines before and after ex-vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of whole blood taken from lactating heat-stressed cows fed different doses of an Aspergillus oryzae (AO) postbiotic on day 26 of the study. Data are least squares means (LSM) ± SEM. CTL control treatment, IL-1β interleukin 1β, IL-6 interleukin 6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, Ratio ratio of after-to-before LPS stimulation. ^a,bSuperscripts denote AO dose differences among LSM (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10). CTL vs. AO denotes contrast between CTL and AO postbiotic. Data were log transformed for statistical analysis and non-transformed LSM are reported.

From: A postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae attenuates the impact of heat stress in ectothermic and endothermic organisms