Table 4 Dry matter intake (DMI), yields of milk and milk components, and feed-use efficiency of lactating Holstein cows fed different doses of an Aspergillus oryzae (AO) postbiotic under heat stress conditions. Data are least squares means (LSM) ± SEM. BW body weight, BCS body condition score, CTL control treatment. ^a,bSuperscripts denote AO dose differences among LSM (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10). CTL vs. AO denotes contrast between CTL and AO postbiotic.

Item	AO dose, g/day				SEM	P-value	Polynomial contrasts (P-value)
Item	0	3	6	18	SEM	CTL vs. AO	Linear	Quadratic	Cubic
DMI, kg/day	24.2	24.8	24.7	24.0	0.304	0.500	0.387	0.318	0.637
Milk, kg/day	34.5	37.1	37.6	36.8	1.19	0.065	0.560	0.095	0.438
Energy-corrected milk (ECM), kg/day	36.4^b	40.3^a	40.2^a	37.6^b	0.600	< 0.001	0.403	< 0.001	0.062
True protein, kg/day	0.98^b	1.07^a	1.06^a	0.97^b	0.017	0.013	0.010	< 0.001	0.071
True protein, %	2.85^a	2.88^a	2.84^a	2.66^b	0.027	0.114	< 0.001	0.056	0.465
Fat, kg/day	1.37^b	1.54^a	1.53^a	1.41^b	0.036	0.004	0.366	< 0.001	0.090
Fat, %	3.99^ab	4.17^a	4.11^a	3.85^b	0.086	0.601	0.033	0.094	0.315
Lactose, kg/day	1.69^b	1.79^a	1.81^a	1.75^ab	0.031	0.015	0.839	0.005	0.521
Lactose, %	4.91^a	4.80^b	4.82^b	4.79^b	0.025	0.001	0.044	0.099	0.061
Solids non-fat, kg/day	2.96^b	3.16^a	3.18^a	3.02^b	0.051	0.010	0.495	< 0.001	0.279
Solids non-fat, %	8.60^a	8.51^a	8.49^a	8.29^b	0.040	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.961	0.422
Somatic cell count, × 10³ cells/mL	605^a	287^ab	320^ab	231^b	78.3	0.016	0.021	0.307	0.318
Milk/DMI	1.47	1.51	1.53	1.56	0.031	0.116	0.056	0.485	0.830
ECM/DMI	1.58	1.60	1.59	1.61	0.035	0.628	0.515	0.994	0.714
Initial BW, kg	686	700	716	673	15.2	0.588	0.223	0.073	0.771
Final BW, kg	696	712	735	672	22.6	0.705	0.203	0.097	0.729
Initial BCS	3.04	2.98	3.10	3.01	0.112	0.968	0.978	0.646	0.461
Final BCS	3.17	3.02	3.07	3.04	0.092	0.259	0.671	0.835	0.328

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