Table 2 Treatment, complications, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (prisoners vs. non-prisoners).

	Prisoners (N = 108)	Non-prisoners (N = 598)	p value
Therapeutics and medications
Highest O₂ requirement
Ambient air	16 (14.8%)	150 (25.1%)	0.02
Nasal cannula	23 (21.3%)	271 (45.3%)	< 0.001
High-flow nasal cannula	38 (35.2%)	78 (13.0%)	< 0.001
NIVM^a	4 (3.7%)	7 (1.2%)	0.05
IMV^a	27 (25.0%)	92 (15.4%)	0.01
Antibiotics	55 (50.9%)	271 (45.3%)	0.28
Corticosteroids	95 (88.0%)	466 (78.0%)	0.02
Anticoagulation	103 (95.4%)	490 (81.9%)	< 0.001
Hydroxychloroquine	49 (45.4%)	409 (68.4%)	< 0.001
Tocilizumab	17 (15.7%)	34 (5.7%)	< 0.001
Remdesivir	2 (1.9%)	3 (0.5%)	0.81
Convalescent plasma	9 (8.3%)	7 (1.2%)	< 0.001
Renal replacement therapy	6 (5.6%)	24 (4.0%)	0.46
Vasopressors	26 (24.1%)	59 (9.9%)	< 0.001
ECMO^a	0 (0.0%)	2 (0.3%)	0.55
Clinical outcomes
Length of stay (days)	9 (5–14)	7 (5–12)	0.09
ICU admission^a	29 (26.9%)	112 (18.7%)	0.05
Intubation	27 (25.0%)	91 (15.2%)	0.01
Inpatient mortality	32 (29.6%)	120 (20.1%)	0.03
14-day mortality^b	21 (19.4%)	102 (17.1%)	0.60
30-day mortality^b	37 (34.3%)	145 (24.6%)	0.04
30-day readmission^b
Readmitted	7/76 (9.2%)	65/478 (13.6%)	0.053
Not readmitted	69/76 (90.8%)	387/478 (81.0%)
Unknown	0/76 (0.0%)	26/478 (5.4%)
Disposition status^c
Home	–	363 (75.8%)	–
Other facilities	–	96 (20.0%)
Hospice home	–	20 (4.2%)

Bold values indicates clinically significant p values (p value < 0.05).
^aNIVM indicates non-invasive mechanical ventilation; IMV indicates invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO indicates extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation; ICU indicates intensive care unit.
^b14-day mortality and 30-day mortality data were missing for 10 patients from the non-prisoner group. 30-day readmission data was missing for 26 patients from the non-prisoner group. Only patients who were discharged alive were included in calculating the 30-day readmission rate.
^cDisposition status percentages were calculated from the total number of patients discharged alive (479 in the non-prisoner group). Other facilities include skilled nursing facilities and rehabilitation facilities (short-term, long-term, and inpatient rehabilitation).

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