Figure 4



Manhattan and quantile–quantile (Q-Q) plots for plant architectural traits across different environments; (a,b) Manhattan and Q-Q plots for Plant height (2015–2018); (c) Manhattan and Q-Q plots for flag leaf length (2017–2018); (d) Manhattan and Q-Q plots for flag leaf width (2017–2018); (e) Manhattan and Q-Q plots for number of tillers (2017–2018). Note: Number of detected SNPs by four multi-locus GWAS methods. For brevity, we presented here the Manhattan and Q–Q plots of mrMLM model. The rest of the Manhattan and Q–Q plots are given in Supplementary Fig. S3.