Table 3 Results for Man-Kendall test and San’s Slope estimator for long-term rainfall trends in Pakistan at national and sub-national levels during 1961–2020 (n = 54).

From: Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)

Time series

Test Z (Kendall Coefficient)

Q (San’s Slope)

Balochistan

− 0.49

− 0.311

Gilgit Baltistan (G&B)

− 0.43

− 1.206

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

− 0.10

− 0.126

Punjab

− 1.54

− 3.000

Sindh

− 2.28*

− 1.568

Pakistan

− 0.30

− 1.117

  1. *The value is statistically significant at p = 0.05.