Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample from first cohort.
Characteristic | SGLT-2 (n = 8,285) | DPP-4 (n = 174,422) | GLP-1 (n = 1,786) | Other (n = 1,037,943) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female, No. (%) | 3,884 | 46.9 | 82,015 | 47.0 | 982 | 55.0 | 501,876 | 48.4 | < 0.001 |
Age, mean (SD) | 56.2 | 12.0 | 65.3 | 11.8 | 53.6 | 12.1 | 61.9 | 12.8 | < 0.001 |
Age, No. (%) | |||||||||
18–34 years | 368 | 4.4 | 1,346 | 0.8 | 110 | 6.2 | 28,155 | 2.7 | < 0.001 |
35–44 years | 1,112 | 13.4 | 6,645 | 3.8 | 340 | 19.0 | 69,483 | 6.7 | |
45–54 years | 2,098 | 25.3 | 24,135 | 13.8 | 507 | 28.4 | 185,397 | 17.9 | |
55–64 years | 2,796 | 33.7 | 54,056 | 31.0 | 510 | 28.6 | 332,871 | 32.1 | |
≧ 65 years | 1,911 | 23.2 | 88,240 | 50.6 | 319 | 17.8 | 422,037 | 40.6 | |
aDCSI score, mean (SD) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | < 0.001 |
aDCSI score, No. (%) | |||||||||
0 | 3,456 | 41.7 | 59,549 | 34.1 | 696 | 39.0 | 553,897 | 53.4 | < 0.001 |
1 | 2,314 | 27.9 | 44,398 | 25.5 | 507 | 28.4 | 239,794 | 23.1 | |
2 | 1,527 | 18.4 | 36,029 | 20.7 | 298 | 16.7 | 150,027 | 14.5 | |
≧ 3 | 988 | 12.0 | 34,446 | 19.7 | 285 | 15.9 | 94,225 | 9.0 | |
Baseline use of antidiabetes medication, No. (%) | |||||||||
Biguanides (Metformin) | 1,455 | 17.6 | 15,709 | 9.0 | 201 | 11.3 | 245,536 | 23.7 | < 0.001 |
Sulfonylureas | 1,318 | 15.9 | 15,871 | 9.1 | 184 | 10.3 | 144,052 | 13.9 | < 0.001 |
Meglitinide | 830 | 10.0 | 7,327 | 4.2 | 85 | 4.8 | 37,777 | 3.6 | < 0.001 |
α-glucosidase inhibitor | 797 | 9.6 | 10,215 | 5.9 | 110 | 6.2 | 43,155 | 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Combinations | 1,933 | 23.3 | 9,900 | 5.7 | 183 | 10.2 | 103,415 | 10.0 | < 0.001 |
Other drugs | 185 | 2.2 | 4,725 | 2.7 | 51 | 2.9 | 20,570 | 2.0 | < 0.001 |
Baseline comorbidities, No. (%) | |||||||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 581 | 7.0 | 22,363 | 12.8 | 103 | 5.8 | 101,288 | 9.8 | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 468 | 5.6 | 11,821 | 6.8 | 71 | 4.0 | 43,987 | 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Ischemic heart disease | 1,505 | 18.2 | 37,589 | 21.6 | 235 | 13.2 | 157,901 | 15.2 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 5,438 | 65.6 | 126,786 | 72.7 | 1,191 | 66.7 | 685,512 | 66.0 | < 0.001 |
Retinopathy | 1,128 | 13.6 | 29,687 | 17.0 | 324 | 18.1 | 94,656 | 9.1 | < 0.001 |
Nephropathy | 677 | 8.2 | 29,443 | 16.9 | 225 | 12.6 | 76,416 | 7.4 | < 0.001 |
Neuropathy | 513 | 6.2 | 14,520 | 8.3 | 137 | 7.7 | 49,740 | 4.8 | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 133 | 1.6 | 4,235 | 2.4 | 23 | 1.3 | 17,235 | 1.7 | < 0.001 |
Renal disease | 697 | 8.4 | 30,690 | 17.6 | 227 | 12.7 | 81,048 | 7.8 | < 0.001 |
Eye disease | 942 | 11.4 | 22,699 | 13.0 | 272 | 15.2 | 68,405 | 6.6 | < 0.001 |
Baseline medications, No. (%) | |||||||||
ACE inhibitors | 291 | 3.5 | 4,828 | 2.8 | 45 | 2.5 | 36,159 | 3.5 | < 0.001 |
Anticoagulants | 841 | 10.2 | 16,211 | 9.3 | 132 | 7.4 | 111,157 | 10.7 | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 1,110 | 13.4 | 18,571 | 10.6 | 194 | 10.9 | 137,381 | 13.2 | < 0.001 |
Aspirin | 744 | 9.0 | 14,065 | 8.1 | 114 | 6.4 | 99,042 | 9.5 | < 0.001 |
Asthma | 3,228 | 39.0 | 62,326 | 35.7 | 730 | 40.9 | 394,948 | 38.1 | < 0.001 |
Bile acid sequestrants | 1 | 0.0 | 44 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 195 | 0.0 | 0.290 |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | 133 | 1.6 | 3,785 | 2.2 | 32 | 1.8 | 15,946 | 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers | 1,110 | 13.4 | 22,414 | 12.9 | 185 | 10.4 | 169,550 | 16.3 | < 0.001 |
Fibrates | 593 | 7.2 | 10,717 | 6.1 | 79 | 4.4 | 73,390 | 7.1 | < 0.001 |
Hormone replacement therapy | 262 | 3.2 | 3,173 | 1.8 | 84 | 4.7 | 35,487 | 3.4 | < 0.001 |
Loop diuretic | 474 | 5.7 | 11,675 | 6.7 | 91 | 5.1 | 49,721 | 4.8 | < 0.001 |
β-Blockers | 1,045 | 12.6 | 16,225 | 9.3 | 164 | 9.2 | 127,237 | 12.3 | < 0.001 |
Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 1,593 | 19.2 | 30,242 | 17.3 | 285 | 16.0 | 219,181 | 21.1 | < 0.001 |
Potassium-sparing diuretic | 182 | 2.2 | 3,090 | 1.8 | 28 | 1.6 | 15,185 | 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Statin | 2,016 | 24.3 | 31,932 | 18.3 | 274 | 15.3 | 265,112 | 25.5 | < 0.001 |
Thiazide | 308 | 3.7 | 6,206 | 3.6 | 50 | 2.8 | 38,448 | 3.7 | 0.005 |
