Table 3 Adjusted association between use of SGLT-2 inhibitors and outcomes of interest.

From: Association of antidiabetic therapies with lower extremity amputation, mortality and healthcare cost from a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan

Cohort

DPP-4 inhibitors

GLP-1 agonists

Other drugs

HR/Ratio

95%CI

HR/Ratio

95%CI

HR/Ratio

95%CI

First cohort (excluding amputation during baseline)

Amputation

0.38

(0.04–3.73)

 − 

–

0.61

(0.05–7.36)

Death

0.27

(0.12–0.62)

0.62

(0.20–1.97)

0.28

(0.12–0.64)

Cost

 Total cost per day

1.13

(1.12–1.13)

0.64

(0.63–0.66)

1.35

(1.35–1.36)

 Emergency cost per day

0.78

(0.76–0.80)

1.05

(0.95–1.17)

0.55

(0.55–0.56)

 Inpatient cost per day

0.87

(0.84–0.89)

1.12

(1.07–1.18)

0.84

(0.83–0.85)

Second cohort (excluding any outcome during baseline)

Ulcer

1.20

(0.50–2.88)

1.50

(0.57–3.94)

1.20

(0.49–2.96)

Osteomyelitis

1.27

(0.44–3.65)

0.57

(0.21–1.54)

1.38

(0.46–4.18)

Peripheral vascular disease

1.10

(0.80–1.52)

1.47

(1.03–2.09)

1.01

(0.74–1.40)

Critical limb ischemia

 − 

–

 − 

–

 − 

–

  1. Regressions with propensity score weighting adjusted for demographics (gender and age), diabetes severity, comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atrial fibrillation, renal disease, and eye disease) and medication histories during the baseline period (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, anticoagulants, angiotensin receptor blockers, aspirin, antiasthmatic drugs, bile acid sequestrants, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, fibrates, hormone replacement therapy, loop diuretic, β-blockers, platelet aggregation inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretic, statins, and thiazides).
  2. CI, confidence interval; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HR, hazard ratio.
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