Table 2 Sorption isotherm parameters for linear fitting.

From: Equilibrium and thermodynamic investigation of biosorption of nickel from water by activated carbon made from palm kernel chaff

Model

Adsorbent

Carbonized PKC

Uncarbonized PKC

Carbonized PKC

Uncarbonized PKC

pH

9

9

3

3

Temp

30

35

40

30

35

40

30

35

40

30

35

40

Langmuir Type I

KL

0.251

0.327

0.563

0.071

0.131

0.300

0.014

0.017

0.021

0.018

0.012

0.015

qm

106.3

108.1

107.4

95.4

88.2

90.3

64.3

80.9

89.6

48.8

82.8

99.8

R2

0.98

0.99

0.97

0.98

0.94

0.98

0.95

0.95

0.96

0.92

0.93

0.93

Langmuir Type II

KL

0.73

0.30

0.77

0.13

0.33

0.80

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.03

qm

71.2

120.6

90.2

71.8

65.4

68.7

48.9

62.2

65.9

36.0

63.8

65.2

R2

0.99

0.99

0.96

0.99

0.99

0.99

1.00

0.99

1.00

0.99

1.00

0.99

Langmuir Type III

KL

0.542

0.420

0.645

0.099

0.285

0.675

0.018

0.021

0.027

0.024

0.014

0.021

qm

83.7

99.1

97.3

82.3

71.0

75.1

56.3

71.8

77.6

41.5

71.6

80.8

R2

0.80

0.90

0.84

0.90

0.81

0.87

0.90

0.85

0.89

0.78

0.88

0.82

Langmuir Type IV

KL

0.435

0.377

0.542

0.090

0.137

0.586

0.016

0.018

0.024

0.019

0.013

0.017

qm

91.0

104.1

103.1

86.4

84.8

78.7

60.0

79.3

83.1

47.8

78.0

92.2

R2

0.80

0.90

0.84

0.90

0.25

0.87

0.90

0.85

0.89

0.78

0.88

0.82

Generalized Isotherm

k

12.59

5.60

2.23

3.41

2.75

2.26

66.55

54.54

45.42

50.20

89.12

64.33

n

0.90

0.82

1.11

0.84

1.02

0.95

0.91

0.97

0.92

0.92

0.91

0.92

R2

0.99

0.93

0.80

0.97

0.98

0.94

1.00

0.99

1.00

0.99

0.93

0.80

Freundlich

k

22.51

24.75

36.02

9.04

14.79

22.69

1.59

2.20

3.34

1.66

1.53

2.21

n

2.10

2.02

2.72

1.74

2.19

2.49

1.41

1.39

1.50

1.51

1.32

1.32

R2

0.99

0.92

1.00

0.99

0.97

0.96

1.00

0.99

0.99

0.99

1.00

0.99

Temkin

a

5.21

5.03

5.34

1.07

2.77

7.64

0.23

0.28

0.25

0.25

0.22

0.22

b

17.98

20.06

21.5

17.88

15.07

14.42

11.01

13.99

17.6

9.25

12.77

17.64

R2

0.95

0.99

0.98

0.96

0.92

0.98

0.93

0.94

0.97

0.91

0.92

0.96

D-R

qm

403.8

523.7

348.3

398.6

276.4

209.1

243.5

340.0

409.5

178.8

314.2

522.2

β × 10−3

3.71

3.83

2.78

5.04

3.70

2.46

7.06

6.77

6.49

6.57

7.20

7.41

R2

1.00

0.95

1.00

1.00

0.98

0.99

1.00

0.99

1.00

0.99

1.00

1.00

E (kJ/mol)

11.61

11.43

13.42

9.96

11.63

14.27

8.42

8.59

8.78

8.73

8.33

8.21

Florry-Huggins

K × 10−5

101.69

98.49

170.02

52.35

151.40

187.72

9.66

91.83

359.58

18.80

4.67

7.14

n

−1.16

−1.09

−0.76

−2.30

−1.32

−0.95

−9.28

−9.18

−8.93

−8.44

−9.90

−6.99

R2

0.99

0.80

1.00

1.00

0.95

0.96

1.00

0.95

0.99

0.97

0.98

0.98

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