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Figure 4

From: Thymol nanoemulsion promoted broiler chicken’s growth, gastrointestinal barrier and bacterial community and conferred protection against Salmonella Typhimurium

Figure 4The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Relative mRNA expression levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2; a,b) interleukin-6 (IL-6; c,d) interleukin-10 (IL-10; e,f) and immunoglobulin A (IgA; g,h) in the spleen of broilers fed different levels of thymol and thymol nanoemulsion preinfection (d 22) and 14 days postinfection (14 dpi) with S. Typhimurium. Error bars represent SEM. At d 22 preinfection: NC (negative control) = birds fed basal diet, thymol 0.25, 0.5 and 1% = birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol, thymol nanoemulsion 0.25, 0.5 and 1% = birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol nanoemulsion. At 14 dpi: NC (negative control): birds fed basal diet; PC (positive control): birds fed basal diet and challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 23 of age; thymol 0.25, 0.5 and 1%: birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol; thymol nanoemulsion 0.25, 0.5 and 1%: birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol nanoemulsion. All groups except NC group were challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 23 of age. a–eMeans within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05.

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