Table 1 General characteristics of the studied population according to categories of total coffee and tea consumption.
Coffee consumption, cups/day | Tea consumption, cups/day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 to < 1cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | > 2 cups/day | 0 cup/day | < 1cup/day | ≥ 1 cups/day | |
n = 1091 | n = 2631 | n = 2129 | n = 3948 | n = 1243 | n = 660 | |
Caffeinated coffee, mL/day | 5.4 ± 11.3 | 28.4 ± 24.8 | 76.9 ± 71.5 | 42.4 ± 55.7 | 43.1 ± 52.2 | 35.1 ± 47.6 |
Decaffeinated coffee, mL/day | 6.3 ± 10.3 | 28.6 ± 24.4 | 59.6 ± 66.5 | 37.5 ± 48.9 | 32.8 ± 45.8 | 30.4 ± 44.3 |
Tea, mL/day | 16.5 ± 40.1 | 10.7 ± 25.9 | 9.3 ± 26.0 | 0.0 | 12.8 ± 10.5 | 75.9 ± 49.3 |
Caffeine, mg/day | 11.5 ± 17.9 | 18.9 ± 15.7 | 38.9 ± 31.3 | 23.9 ± 25.9 | 25.2 ± 24.5 | 28.8 ± 23.8 |
Age, years | 65.4 ± 4.9 | 65.3 ± 4.7 | 64.4 ± 5.0 | 65.1 ± 4.9 | 64.8 ± 4.7 | 64.9 ± 4.7 |
Women, % | 47.8 | 52.9 | 41.8 | 42.9 | 56.9 | 60.9 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 32.3 ± 3.5 | 32.5 ± 3.4 | 32.7 ± 3.4 | 32.5 ± 3.4 | 32.5 ± 3.4 | 32.4 ± 3.4 |
Waist circumference, cm | 106.7 ± 9.7 | 107.0 ± 0.2 | 108.6 ± 9.4 | 107.9 ± 9.6 | 106.9 ± 9.5 | 106.3 ± 10.1 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140.7 ± 17.7 | 139.1 ± 17.0 | 139.3 ± 16.3 | 140.2 ± 17.1 | 138.3 ± 16.5 | 137.2 ± 16.2 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81.4 ± 10.1 | 80.6 ± 9.9 | 80.8 ± 9.7 | 81.1 ± 9.9 | 80.4 ± 9.6 | 79.8 ± 9.4 |
Plasma fasting glucose, mg/dL | 111.9 ± 27.3 | 112.5 ± 27.9 | 115.4 ± 30.8 | 114.2 ± 29.8 | 111.9 ± 27.6 | 110.9 ± 25.9 |
Plasma HD-c, mg/dL | 47.6 ± 11.8 | 48.8 ± 11.8 | 47.4 ± 11.7 | 47.5 ± 11.6 | 48.6 ± 11.4 | 50.3 ± 13.3 |
Plasma triglycerides, mg/dL | 149.6 ± 75.6 | 150.7 ± 74.4 | 152.8 ± 78.0 | 151.7 ± 75.3 | 151.3 ± 79.3 | 148.6 ± 73.7 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.8 ± 14.5 | 83.5 ± 13.9 | 85.19 ± 13.7 | 84.1 ± 14.1 | 84.5 ± 13.4 | 84.3 ± 14.5 |
Comorbidities, % | ||||||
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 69.9 | 72.1 | 75.9 | 73.5 | 73.4 | 72.6 |
Central obesity | 94.0 | 96.4 | 96.7* | 95.7 | 96.8 | 96.2 |
Type 2 diabetesa | 27.3 | 30.1 | 32.8 | 31.7 | 30.2 | 24.7 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 66.5 | 69.3 | 71.0 | 68.4 | 69.1 | 70.9 |
Hypertension | 82.2 | 84.3 | 83.2 | 84.9 | 81.7 | 78.6 |
Low HDL-c | 45.2 | 42.0 | 42.6 | 42.3 | 43.6 | 43.9 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 55.4 | 55.9 | 54.8 | 55.8 | 54.1 | 55.8 |
Hyperglycemia | 75.7 | 74.2 | 76.7 | 75.8 | 75.2 | 73.3 |
CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 7.8 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 7.3 |
Medication use, % | ||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs | 48.7 | 50.8 | 52.4 | 51.1 | 51.9 | 48.5 |
Oral blood glucose-lowering drugs | 22.7 | 26.2 | 27.9 | 27.3 | 26.2 | 19.2 |
Insulin treatment | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 77.6 | 78.2 | 78.1 | 79.2 | 76.3 | 74.8 |
ARBs | 39.3 | 36.3 | 38.6 | 38.6 | 36.4 | 34.9 |
ACEis | 31.6 | 31.9 | 30.9 | 32.3 | 29.5 | 30.6 |
Education level, % | ||||||
Primary education | 48.6 | 52.2 | 46.1 | 51.3 | 45.4 | 44.7 |
Secondary education | 30.9 | 28.2 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.6 | 28.5 |
Academic or graduate | 20.4 | 19.6 | 24.5 | 18.6 | 25.0 | 26.8 |
Smoking status, % (n) | ||||||
Never smoked | 49.5 | 48.5 | 36.4 | 42.7 | 48.9 | 45.1 |
Former smoker | 41.5 | 41.0 | 46.4 | 43.6 | 40.5 | 44.7 |
Current smoker | 9.0 | 10.5 | 17.1 | 13.7 | 10.5 | 10.1 |
Leisure time physical activity, METS. min. /week | 375.8 ± 332.1 | 364.2 ± 338.6 | 350.6 ± 334.1 | 361.7 ± 347.5 | 356.6 ± 306.1 | 368.6 ± 317.9 |
MedDiet score (17-points) | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 8.6 ± 2.7 | 9.1 ± 2.7 |
Nutrient intake/day | ||||||
Energy, kcal | 2310 ± 556 | 2325 ± 525 | 2455 ± 564 | 2377 ± 546 | 2363 ± 554 | 2339 ± 558 |
Saturated fat, g | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 26.1 ± 5.1 | 26.7 ± 5.9 | 26.2 ± 5.2 | 26.8 ± 5.6 | 26.0 ± 5.9 |
Total protein, g | 95.5 ± 14.1 | 97.5 ± 14.2 | 98.9 ± 15.5 | 96.8 ± 14.8 | 99.1 ± 14.2 | 99.7 ± 14.7 |
Fiber, g | 26.9 ± 7.8 | 26.7 ± 7.9 | 25.0 ± 7.9 | 24.4 ± 7.8 | 27.0 ± 7.7 | 28.9 ± 8.4 |
Sodium, mg | 2391 ± 509 | 2441 ± 530 | 2438 ± 542 | 2428 ± 544 | 2434 ± 498 | 2434 ± 515 |
Magnesium, mg | 410.2 ± 75.8 | 421.3 ± 79.2 | 424.5 ± 84.4 | 413.3 ± 79.4 | 429.3 ± 78.1 | 446.3 ± 86.1 |
Potassium, mg | 4245 ± 829 | 4481 ± 840 | 4537 ± 898 | 4408 ± 850 | 4561 ± 832 | 4724 ± 931 |
Alcohol, g | 10.8 ± 14.2 | 11.0 ± 3.5 | 11.6 ± 15.1 | 12.2 ± 15.3 | 8.9 ± 11.4 | 9.3 ± 11.8 |
