Table 4 Crude and adjusted multivariate linear regression models examining the association between SES indicators and the overall Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) score of 2016 in 31 European countries.

From: The association between tobacco control policy implementation and country-level socioeconomic factors in 31 European countries

 

Crude

Adjusted

β (SE)

p value

β (SE)

p value

HDI (100 points)

0.732 (0.437)

0.104

  

GDP per capita (1000 €)

0.127 (0.097)

0.199

  

Unemployment

− 0.618 (0.483)

0.211

  

Long-term unemployment

− 0.779 (0.595)

0.201

  

Education Index (100 points)

0.396 (0.324)

0.232

− 0.402 (0.452)

0.382

Male-to-female ratio

 ≤ 1.33

REF

 

REF

 

 > 1.33

− 6.037 (3.702)

0.114

− 10.311 (5.416)

0.069

Region

Northern Europe1

REF

 

REF

 

Eastern Europe2

− 9.567 (5.108)

0.072

− 5.249 (6.349)

0.416

Southern Europe3

− 9.844 (4.545)

0.039

− 8.921 (6.137)

0.158

Western Europe4

− 11.4 (5.108)

0.034

− 15.690 (5.538)

0.009

R-squared

  

0.314

0.076

  1. The crude linear regression model shows the results of a simple linear regression model of the dependent variable and the independent variable. HDI and Unemployment were excluded due to collinearity with the Education Index and Long-term unemployment, respectively. The adjusted multivariable regression model assessed the effect of SES indicators (Education Index) adjusted for male-to-female ratio and geographical region. We performed the adjusted analysis with the model with the optimal AIC values and fulfilled all regression validation tests. Male-to-female ratio is presented as a binary variable after categorizing countries using the median value (1.33) as cutting point as it fitted better the linear regression model.
  2. HDI: Human Development Index; GDP: Gross Domestic Product.
  3. 1: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom; 2: Bulgaria, Czech Rep., Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia; 3: Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey; 4: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
  4. SE: Standard error.
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