Table 3 Estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios for the overweight/obesity, underweight, high Tg, high Chol. and low HDL in Offspring, as predicted by paternal exposure to opioid.

From: Cohort-based analysis of paternal opioid use in relation to offspring’s BMI and plasma lipid profile

 

Crude model

Adjusted model 1

Adjusted model 2

Adjusted model 3

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Father regular opioid use (all routs of administration)

Overweight/obesity**

 Before child birth

1.01 (0.68–1.50)

0.933

1.28 (0.82–1.99)

0.272a

1.48 (0.92–2.36)

0.101b

1.51 (0.94–2.42)

0.084c

 After child birth

1.16 (0.82–1.64)

0.386

1.52 (1.01–2.27)

0.041a

1.72 (1.12–2.65)

0.012b

1.76 (1.15–2.71)

0.009c

Underweight*

 Before child birth

0.80 (0.48–1.33)

0.399

0.56 (0.31–1.00)

0.050a

0.45 (0.24–0.84)

0.012b

0.46 (0.25–0.86)

0.015c

 After child birth

1.03 (0.67–1.59)

0.880

0.79 (0.48–1.30)

0.362a

0.65 (0.38–1.11)

0.121b

0.66 (0.38–1.13)

0.134c

Tg > 150

 Before child birth

1.27 (0.83–1.93)

0.261

1.32 (0.83–2.08)

0.227d

1.32 (0.82–2.15)

0.245e

1.28 (0.79–2.09)

0.302f.

 After child birth

1.40 (0.96–2.05)

0.073

1.36 (0.90–2.06)

0.137d

1.37 (0.88–2.11)

0.155e

1.33 (0.86–2.06)

0.194f.

Chol > 200

 Before child birth

1.03 (0.54–1.95)

0.914

1.01 (0.51–2.03)

0.958 g

0.90 (0.44–1.84)

0.780 h

0.89 (0.43–1.83)

0.755i

 After child birth

1.44 (0.85–2.44)

0.166

1.31 (0.74–2.32

0.346 g

1.16 (0.64–2.13)

0.609 h

1.15 (0.63–2.11)

0.634i

HDL < 40

 Before child birth

1.25 (0.81–1.94)

0.301

1.22 (0.73–2.05)

0.438j

1.36 (0.78–2.37)

0.273 k

1.34 (0.76–2.33)

0.302 l

 After child birth

0.85 (0.55–1.31)

0.479

0.84 (0.51–2.05)

0.506j

0.92 (0.54–1.57)

0.775 k

0.91 (0.53–1.55)

0.744 l

Father regular opioid inhaling

Overweight/obesity**

 Before child birth

1.06 (0.71–1.58)

0.753

1.34 (0.85–2.11)

0.197a

1.56 (0.96–2.53)

0.066b

1.60 (0.99–2.59)

0.055c

 After child birth

1.19 (0.84–1.70)

0.318

1.47 (0.98–2.23)

0.061a

1.69 (1.09–2.61)

0.017b

1.73 (1.12–2.68)

0.014c

Underweight*

 Before child birth

0.73 (0.43–1.26)

0.268

0.49 (0.26–0.91)

0.026a

0.40 (0.21–0.77)

0.006b

0.41 (0.21–0.78)

0.007c

 After child birth

1.11 (0.72–1.71)

0.628

0.89 (0.54–1.48)

0.675a

0.74 (0.43–1.27)

0.277b

0.74 (0.43–1.28)

0.286c

Father regular opioid inhaling

Sensitivity analysis (by young adult sex)

Sons

 Overweight/obesity**

  Before child birth

1.36 (0.82–2.27)

0.227

1.83 (1.01–3.31)

0.044 m

2.27 (1.20–4.31)

0.012n

2.41 (1.26–4.58)

0.007o

  After child birth

1.80 (1.14–2.83)

0.011

2.36 (1.38–4.02)

0.002 m

2.85 (1.60–5.06)

0.000n

3.01 (1.68–5.39)

0.000o

 Underweight*

  Before child birth

0.84 (0.40–1.79)

0.666

0.55 (0.23–1.33)

0.191 m

0.40 (0.15–1.04)

0.062n

0.40 (0.15–1.04)

0.061o

  After child birth

1.29 (0.70–2.38)

0.397

1.47 (0.72–2.98)

0.285 m

1.11 (0.51–2.40)

0.776n

1.11 (0.51–2.39)

0.781o

Daughters

 Overweight/obesity**

  Before child birth

0.70 (0.36–1.36)

0.299

0.93 (0.45–1.94)

0.862 m

1.02 (0.47–2.19)

0.948n

1.02 (0.47–2.19)

0.955o

  After child birth

0.59 (0.32–1.10)

0.099

0.68 (0.34–1.38)

0.290 m

0.74 (0.36–1.55)

0.436n

0.74 (0.35–1.54)

0.431o

 Underweight*

  Before child birth

0.66 (0.30–1.44)

0.299

0.46 (0.19–1.10)

0.083 m

0.39 (0.15–0.98)

0.046n

0.43 (0.17–1.10)

0.081o

  After child birth

0.97 (0.52–1.82)

0.939

0.61 (0.29–1.27)

0.191 m

0.52 (0.24–1.15)

0.108n

0.53 (0.24–1.17)

0.117o

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI: body mass index, HDL: high density lipoprotein, Chol: cholesterol. Serum HDL-Chol, WSI: socioeconomic index.
  2. aAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother BMI.
  3. bAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother BMI, father smoking.
  4. cAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother BMI, father smoking, father WSI.
  5. dAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Tg.
  6. eAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Tg, father smoking.
  7. fAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Tg, father smoking, father WSI.
  8. gAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Chol.
  9. hAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Chol, father smoking.
  10. iAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother Chol, father smoking, father WSI.
  11. jAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother HDL.
  12. kAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother HDL, father smoking.
  13. lAdjusted for age, sex, father and mother HDL, Father smoking, father WSI.
  14. mAdjusted for age, father and mother BMI.
  15. nAdjusted for age, father and mother BMI, father smoking.
  16. oAdjusted for age, father and mother BMI, father smoking, father WSI.
  17. *Underweight: BMI < 18.
  18. **Overweight/obesity: BMI > 25.
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