Figure 1

(a) Time evolution of the interface \(\phi =0\) without considering Gaussian curvature (\(\kappa '=0\)). Snapshots of the membrane shape after two thousand, four million and ten millions of iterations (left to right). (b) Considering the Gaussian curvature contribution with \(\kappa '=-10\). The snapshots are taken at the same time as in (a). The last snapshot depicts the exact moment when the vesicle breaks from the main membrane. The color code represents the local free energy in units of \(\bar{\kappa }\). The initial condition for \(\phi =0\) is taken after solving Eq. (9) 2000 iterations. The parameters used were: \(R=5\) and \(L=26\) in units of the domain grid and, \(\varepsilon =1\), \(\kappa =1\), \(C_0 = -0.3\).