Figure 2

Time evolution of a longer membrane tube with Gaussian curvature. (a) Contour plots on the plane x, z of the initial (red) and final (black) \(\phi =0\) configuration. (b) Time variations of the volume (yellow dashed line), the area (purple dotted line), the bending energy (open blue circles) and the Gaussian energy (open red triangles). The open black diamonds represent the times when the vesicle is formed. The parameters used were: \(R=6\) and \(L=45\), \(\varepsilon =1\), \(\kappa '=-10\) and \(C_0=-0.5\).