Table 1 Participants characteristics by sex.

No. of participants

2316

2249

–

Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L)^a

64.4 (62.4–66.4)

66.7 (64.4–69.1)

0.02

25(OH)D₃ (nmol/L)^a

59.7 (57.9–61.6)

60.1 (58.0–62.2)

0.69

25(OH)D₂ (nmol/L)^a

2.22 (2.09–2.36)

2.49 (2.29–2.71)

0.005

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

128 (± 0.4)

128 (± 0.5)

0.96

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.0 (± 0.4)

68.6 (± 0.5)

< 0.001

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

56.1 (± 0.5)

59.5 (± 0.7)

< 0.001

Age (years)

62.4 (± 0.2)

63.5 (± 0.3)

< 0.001

Height (cm)

175 (± 0.2)

161 (± 0.2)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

90.0 (± 0.7)

76.2 (± 0.6)

< 0.001

Physical activity (METs-h)

58.1 (± 2.8)

28.9 (± 1.4)

< 0.001

Total energy intake (kcal)

2280 (± 30)

1700 (± 20)

< 0.001

Dietary potassium (mg)

3070 (± 40)

2480 (± 30)

< 0.001

Dietary calcium (mg)

990 (± 20)

850 (± 10)

< 0.001

Dietary magnesium (mg)

328 (± 4.4)

267 (± 3.9)

< 0.001

Dietary sodium (mg)

3820 (± 60)

2820 (± 40)

< 0.001

Race/ethnicity (%)

0.39

  Non-Hispanic White

79.1

79.1

  Non-Hispanic Black

8.1

9.0

  Mexican American

5.1

4.9

  Other ethnicity

7.7

7.0

Alcohol consumption (%)

< 0.001

  Never

29.1

41.0

  < once a week

27.1

34.2

  1–2 days/week

17.1

10.8

  3–4 days/week

10.0

5.5

  ≥ 5 days/week

16.6

8.5

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

  Never

40.1

57.3

  Former

43.4

30.0

  Current

16.5

12.7

Season of examination (%)

0.68

  November–April

34.9

34.5

  May–October

65.1

65.5

Education (%)

< 0.001

  < 9th grade

9.0

7.1

  ≤ High school graduate

35.3

39.9

  > High school graduate

55.7

53.0

Hypertension (%)

55.4

58.4

0.12

Diabetes (%)

16.8

15.4

0.36