Table 2 Adjusted multiple linear regression and 95% CIs of blood pressure by vitamin D concentrations in all subjects aged ≥ 50 years.

From: Sex and body mass index dependent associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and pulse pressure in middle-aged and older US adults

Variables

Model A

Model B

SBP

DBP

PP

SBP

DBP

PP

All subjects (n = 4565)

25(OH)D3 (nmol/L)

 < 50

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

 50–74.9

− 1.16 (− 2.67, 0.36)

0.94 (0.05, 1.82)*

− 2.09 (− 3.69, − 0.50)*

− 0.60 (− 2.04, 0.85)

0.65 (− 0.27, 1.58)

− 1.25 (− 2.84, 0.33)

 ≥ 75

− 3.36 (− 5.05, − 1.66)***

0.43 (− 0.61, 1.46)

− 3.78 (− 5.36, − 2.20)***

− 2.43 (− 4.14, − 0.72)**

− 0.08 (− 1.17, 1.01)

− 2.35 (− 4.00, − 0.70)**

 p-trend

< 0.001

0.49

< 0.001

0.005

0.78

0.006

Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L)

 < 50

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

 50–74.9

− 1.09 (− 2.66, 0.48)

0.09 (− 0.97, 1.15)

− 1.45 (− 2.99, 0.09)†

− 0.56 (− 2.10, 0.97)

0.09 (− 0.98, 1.16)

− 0.65 (− 2.14, 0.83)

 ≥ 75

− 3.84 (− 5.46, − 2.22)***

0.36 (− 0.63, 1.35)

− 3.93 (− 5.45, − 2.42)***

− 2.95 (− 4.50, − 1.39)**

− 0.42 (− 1.57, 0.72)

− 2.52 (− 3.95, − 1.10)**

 p-trend

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.36

< 0.001

  1. Model A was adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
  2. Model B: Model A + further adjusted for education, season of examination, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, dietary covariates (intakes of total energy, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium), height, weight, and diabetes.
  3. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, †p < 0.1 compared with vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/L.
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