Table 4 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the 9 cases of Candida BSI and 29 cases of bacteremia during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO).

From: Different characteristics of bloodstream infection during venoarterial and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients

Variables

Candida BSI (n = 9)

Bacteremia

P value (Candida BSI vs. Gram- negative bacteremia

P value (Candida BSI vs. Gram- positive bacteremia

Gram-negative bacteremia (n = 16)

Gram-positive bacteremia (n = 13)

Age, median years (IQR)

56 (46–63)

57 (40–68)

57 (53–64)

0.72

0.60

Male

6 (67)

11 (69)

9 (69)

 > 0.99

 > 0.99

ICU days before ECMO implantation, median (IQR)

3 (1–23)

4 (1–10)

2 (0–14)

 > 0.99

0.56

Time between ECMO implantation and BSI, median days (IQR)

30 (17–66)

23 (9–40)

28 (18–80)

0.39

0.79

Duration of ECMO, median days (IQR)

49 (25–92)

43 (24–51)

49 (35–107)

0.52

0.70

Immunocompromised state

7 (78)

10 (63)

13 (100)

0.66

0.16

Hematological malignancy

0

0

0

N/A

N/A

Active solid tumor

1 (11)

0

0

0.36

0.41

Solid-organ transplant

2 (22)

4 (25)

5 (39)

 > 0.99

0.65

Long-term corticosteroid use

1 (11)

0

1 (8)

0.36

 > 0.99

High-dose corticosteroid use

5 (56)

6 (38)

10 (77)

0.43

0.38

SAPS III at ICU admission

56 (28–62)

40 (21–53)

42 (38–64)

0.21

0.97

SOFA at the time of BSI

11 (6–14)

11 (7–16)

9 (8–11)

0.72

0.60

SAPS II at the time of BSI

49 (28–54)

49 (37–57)

46 (38–54)

0.89

0.95

Inflammatory markers on the day of BSI

Lactate, mmol/L

2.8 (2.1–3.5)

3.3 (2.7–5.3)

3.1 (2.3–4.3)

0.23

0.74

CRP, mg/dL

14.7 (7.1–21.5)

15.6 (8.2–21.4)

21.0 (11.6–28.5)

0.72

0.21

Procalcitonin, ng/mL

1.3 (0.6–4.1)

2.2 (1.2–7.4)

2.2 (1.2–7.4)

0.30

0.95

CRRT prior to BSI

6 (67)

13 (81)

10 (77)

0.63

0.66

TPN prior to BSI

7 (78)

10 (63)

8 (62)

0.66

0.65

Total antibiotic treatment duration before BSI, median days (IQR)

35 (30–88)

35 (18–54)

41 (31–81)

0.42

0.95

Antibiotic exposure prior to BSIa

Glycopeptide

8 (89)

14 (88)

9 (69)

 > 0.99

0.36

Carbapenem

3 (33)

10 (63)

5 (39)

0.23

 > 0.99

Piperacillin/tazobactam

5 (56)

9 (56)

5 (39)

 > 0.99

0.67

Amikacin

1 (11)

1 (6)

2 (15)

 > 0.99

 > 0.99

Fluoroquinolones

3 (33)

4 (25)

2 (15)

0.68

0.61

Colistin

5 (56)

11 (69)

9 (69)

0.67

0.66

Metronidazole

0

0

0

N/A

N/A

Antifungal agent

2 (22)

7 (44)

6 (46)

0.40

0.38

Outcomes

ECMO weaning

3 (33)

5 (31)

3 (23)

 > 0.99

0.66

Survival to dischargeb

2/9 (22)

1/5 (20)

2/4 (50)

 > 0.99

0.53

  1. BSI, bloodstream infection; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; TPN, total parenteral nutrition.
  2. Data are presented as No. (%) unless indicated otherwise.
  3. a > 48 h of therapy within the 14 days prior to the BSI.
  4. b > Overall survival rates evaluated in patient-based, not episode-based.
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