Table 4 GEE models for the changes of outcome variables before and after the timed light treatments.

From: Positive effect of timed blue-enriched white light on sleep and cognition in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease

Outcome variables

Group effects

Time effects

Interaction effects

From T0 to T1

From T0 to T2

From T0 to T1

From T0 to T2

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

Subjective sleep

PSQI

1.14

0.820

0.20

0.078

0.18

0.114

0.05

0.056

0.02*

.026

Objective sleep

SO

0.91

0.869

1.41

0.339

1.47

0.443

0.69

0.392

0.66

0.440

MST

1.32

0.530

0.90

0.726

1.01

0.771

0.99

0.986

0.49

0.255

SOL

0.03

0.684

> 10

0.376

0.53

0.935

< 0.01

0.180

< 0.01

0.480

TST

3.66

0.055

0.48

0.066

0.48

0.088

1.98

0.155

2.49

0.062

SE

> 10*

.024

0.07

0.489

0.03

0.277

> 10

0.122

> 10

0.187

WASO

< 0.01*

.023

< 0.01

0.594

> 10

0.389

> 10

0.775

< 0.01

0.453

FI

< 0.01**

.009

> 10

0.637

0.69

0.956

< 0.01

0.516

> 10

0.670

Cognitive function

MMSE-KC

1.22

0.921

5.78

0.054

9.10*

.018

0.63

0.696

0.24

0.199

TMT-A

> 10

0.078

> 10

0.326

< 0.01

0.466

< 0.01

0.340

> 10

0.883

DSF

0.35

0.313

0.91

0.873

1.11

0.896

1.47

0.658

0.41

0.407

DSB

0.39

0.287

1.49

0.548

1.35

0.665

0.72

0.669

0.80

0.788

Mood and behavior

CSDD-K

  

1.20

0.915

0.15

0.292

0.06

0.215

0.34

0.646

VAS-GV

0.23

0.627

2.37

0.074

1.83

0.311

9.58

0.431

5.28

0.550

VAS-GA

1.06

0.923

0.36

0.163

0.63

0.323

1.47

0.669

1.33

0.649

KNPI-Q(s)

  

0.18

0.218

0.07

0.054

0.50

0.752

0.93

0.970

Caregiver burden

ZBI-K

< 0.01

0.359

0.02

0.068

< 0.01*

.018

0.52

0.802

< 0.01

0.081

KNPI-Q(d)

0.03

0.280

0.03

0.187

0.02

0.180

> 10

0.286

4.89

0.657

  1. T0 = baseline, T1 = immediate post-treatment, T2 = 4 weeks after the end of the 2 weeks of light treatment. [T0] as reference for the Time effects; [CG] and [T0] as reference for the Interaction effects.
  2. GEE generalized estimating equations, OR odd ratio, TG treatment group, CG control group, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SO sleep onset, MST Mid-sleep time, SOL Sleep onset latency, TST Total sleep time, SE Sleep efficiency, WASO Wake after sleep onset, FI Fragmentation index, MMSE-KC MMSE in the Korean version of CERAD Packet, TMT-A Trail making test-A, DSF Digit span test forward, DSB Digit span test backward, CSDD-K Korean version of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, VAS-GV Visual analogue scale for global vigor, VAS-GA Visual analogue scale for global affect, KNPI-Q(s) Korean Version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (severity), ZBI-K Korean version of Zarit Burden Interview, KNPI-Q(d) Korean Version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (distress).
  3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
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