Table 2 Effects of body mass index maintenance status at third period health examination on risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease-related death.

From: Association of weight fluctuation with cardiovascular disease risk among initially obese adults

Outcome

Continuous weight gain (n = 18)

Weight maintenance after weight gain (n = 1,222)

Weight loss after weight gain (n = 419)

Weight gain after weight maintenance (n = 1,743)

No weight change (n = 55,023)

Weight loss after weight maintenance (n = 3,209)

Weight cycling (n = 1,253)

Weight maintenance after weight loss (n = 4,110)

Continuous weight loss (n = 104)

CVD

Events (%)

10 (55.6)

326 (26.7)

111 (26.5)

430 (24.7)

13,141 (23.9)

754 (23.5)

311 (24.8)

968 (23.6)

27 (26.0)

Person-years

105

8,210

2,804

11,870

378,601

21,992

8,605

28,210

658

HR (95% CI)a

2.75 (1.24–6.13)

1.10 (0.95–1.27)

1.04 (0.81–1.34)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

Reference

0.90 (0.82–1.00)

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.60 (0.31–1.16)

HR (95% CI)

2.36 (1.27–4.40)

1.08 (0.96–1.20)

1.03 (0.85–1.24)

0.98 (0.89–1.08)

Reference

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.91 (0.85–0.97)

0.95 (0.65–1.38)

P value

0.007

0.190

0.763

0.673

Reference

0.016

0.338

0.004

0.772

CHD

Events (%)

4 (22.2)

172 (14.1)

52 (12.4)

191 (11.0)

6,190 (11.2)

304 (9.5)

124 (9.9)

434 (10.6)

12 (11.5)

Person-years

133

8,728

2,971

12,592

400,747

23,349

9,215

29,845

712

HR (95% CI)a

2.29 (0.74–7.10)

1.29 (1.06–1.58)

1.01 (0.69–1.47)

0.91 (0.75–1.11)

Reference

0.77 (0.66–0.90)

0.90 (0.71–1.13)

0.83 (0.72–0.95)

0.73 (0.30–1.76)

HR (95% CI)

1.73 (0.65–4.62)

1.25 (1.08–1.46)

1.09 (0.83–1.43)

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

Reference

0.82 (0.73–0.92)

0.83 (0.70–0.99)

0.88 (0.80–0.97)

0.94 (0.53–1.66)

P value

0.273

0.004

0.539

0.653

Reference

 < 0.001

0.043

0.012

0.834

Stroke

Events (%)

6 (33.3)

157 (12.8)

60 (14.3)

242 (13.9)

7,029 (12.8)

451 (14.1)

188 (15.0)

539 (13.1)

15 (14.4)

Person-years

115

8,958

3,043

12,777

406,405

23,424

9,121

30,193

715

HR (95% CI)a

2.47 (0.80–7.65)

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

1.08 (0.79–1.49)

1.00 (0.85–1.18)

Reference

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

0.42 (0.16–1.13)

HR (95% CI)

2.77 (1.24–6.17)

0.91 (0.77–1.06)

0.98 (0.76–1.26)

0.98 (0.87–1.12)

Reference

1.00 (0.91–1.10)

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

0.93 (0.56–1.54)

P value

0.013

0.225

0.867

0.812

Reference

0.972

0.544

0.226

0.774

CVD–related death

Events (%)

0 (0)

2 (0.2)

3 (0.7)

10 (0.6)

218 (0.4)

13 (0.4)

5 (0.4)

28 (0.7)

2 (1.9)

Person-years

144

9,593

3,247

13,719

434,017

25,137

9,854

32,187

780

HR (95% CI)a

NA

0.20 (0.03–1.42)

1.19 (0.29–4.81)

0.89 (0.39–2.01)

Reference

0.74 (0.38–1.44)

0.98 (0.40–2.39)

1.25 (0.78–2.02)

1.77 (0.25–12.8)

HR (95% CI)

NA

0.32 (0.08–1.29)

1.44 (0.46–4.50)

1.22 (0.65–2.31)

Reference

0.85 (0.49–1.50)

0.78 (0.32–1.91)

1.47 (0.98–2.20)

2.85 (0.70–11.6)

P value

0.979

0.110

0.534

0.538

Reference

0.579

0.592

0.062

0.143

  1. HR calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis after adjustments for age, sex, household income, initial body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise frequency. a3 years of latent period washed out for sensitivity analysis. Acronyms: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHD, coronary heart disease; NA, not applicable.
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