Figure 6
From: Oil palm cultivation critically affects sociality in a threatened Malaysian primate
Effect of oil palm plantations on the mother–infant relationship in Macaca nemestrina. Shown are the contact time between macaque mothers and their dependent offspring (a) and maternal facilitation of infant independence, measured as rates of breaking contact (b) and increasing distance (c), as a function of infant age, separately for forest, plantation edge and plantation interior. The lines show the fitted models and the shaded areas their 95% confidence intervals, conditional on continuous control predictors being on their average, and based on infant sex, parity and time of the day manually dummy coded and then centred. For visual clarity, infant age was binned into 10-day sections. The area of the points corresponds to the respective sample sizes (Total N = 491 focal observations of 11 mother–infant pairs).
