Table 1 Mental health status, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics according to GWG adequacy at the third trimester.

From: Maternal mental health and gestational weight gain in a Brazilian Cohort

Maternal characteristics

N (%)

GWG adequacya

pc

GWGb (kg)

Adequate

Insufficient

Excessive

Mean (SD)

pd

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

 

188

52 (27.7)

37 (19.7)

99 (52.6)

 

13.2 (5.5)

 

First-trimester major depressive disordere

No

163 (86.7)

44 (84.6)

30 (81.1)

89 (89.9)

 

13.5 (5.6)

 

Yes

25 (13.3)

8 (15.4)

7 (18.9)

10 (10.1)

0.352

10.9 (4.9)

0.028

Generalized anxiety disordere

No

169 (89.9)

43 (82.7)

34 (91.9)

92 (92.9)

 

13.3 (5.7)

 

Yes

19 (10.1)

9 (17.3)

3 (8.1)

7 (7.1)

0.126

12.1 (4.4)

0.400

Suicide riske

No

152 (80.6)

43 (82.7)

28 (75.7)

81 (81.8)

 

13.3 (5.5)

 

Yes

34 (19.4)

9 (17.3)

9 (24.3)

18 (18.2)

0.666

12.5 (5.7)

0.420

First-trimester EPDS score

 < 11

122 (65.6)

29 (55.8)

23 (63.9)

70 (71.4)

 

13.7 (5.3)

 

 ≥ 11

64 (34.4)

23 (44.2)

13 (36.1)

28 (28.6)

0.153

12.2 (5.7)

0.067

Second-trimester EPDS score

 < 11

138 (78.9)

36 (73.5)

23 (69.7)

79 (85.0)

 

13.8 (5.4)

 

 ≥ 11

37 (21.1)

13 (26.5)

10 (30.3)

14 (15.0)

0.101

11.1 (5.7)

0.010

Third-trimester EPDS score

 < 11

145 (78.4)

36 (69.2)

28 (75.7)

81 (84.4)

 

13.6 (5.6)

 

 ≥ 11

40 (21.6)

16 (30.8)

9 (24.3)

15 (15.6)

0.092

11.2 (5.1)

0.014

Persistent depressive symptomsf

No

153 (90.5)

41 (83.7)

26 (81.3)

86 (97.7)

 

13.6 (5.4)

 

Yes

16 (9.5)

8 (16.3)

6 (18.7)

2 (2.3)

0.002

8.6 (4.9)

 < 0.001

Second trimester state anxiety scoreg

 < 40

104 (58.4)

28 (57.1)

14 (41.2)

62 (65.3)

 

14.0 (5.6)

 

 ≥ 40

74 (41.6)

21 (42.9)

20 (58.8)

33 (34.7)

0.049

12.0 (5.4)

0.015

Third trimester state anxiety scoreg

 < 40

98 (53.0)

20 (39.2)

21 (56.8)

57 (58.8)

 

13.4 (5.8)

 

 ≥ 40

87 (47.0)

31 (60.8)

16 (43.2)

40 (41.2)

0.067

12.9 (5.5)

0.538

Persistent anxiety symptomsf

No

122 (70.1)

29 (60.4)

21 (61.8)

72 (78.3)

 

13.7 (5.9)

 

Yes

52 (29.9)

19 (39.6)

13 (38.2)

20 (21.7)

0.045

11.9 (4.8)

0.050

Age (years)

 < 30

127 (67.6)

37 (71.2)

26 (70.3)

64 (64.6)

 

12.9 (5.6)

 

 ≥ 30

61 (32.4)

15 (28.8)

11 (29.7)

35 (35.4)

0.666

13.6 (5.4)

0.383

Education (schooling years)

 < 8

58 (30.8)

16 (30.8)

14 (37.8)

28 (28.3)

 

12.8 (5.4)

 

 ≥ 8

130 (69.2)

36 (69.2)

23 (62.2)

71 (71.7)

0.562

13.3 (5.6)

0.630

Marital status

Live with partner

152 (80.8)

42 (80.8)

31 (83.8)

79 (79.8)

 

13.2 (5.5)

 

Does not live with partner

36 (19.2)

10 (19.2)

6 (16.2)

20 (20.2)

0.871

13.8 (5.9)

0.682

Parity (parturitions)

0 or 1

143 (76.1)

39 (75.0)

31 (83.8)

73 (73.7)

 

12.7 (5.6)

 

 ≥ 2

45 (23.9)

13 (25.0)

6 (16.2)

26 (26.3)

0.165

14.5 (5.2)

0.055

Desire to be pregnant

Yes

76 (40.4)

24 (46.2)

16 (43.2)

36 (36.4)

 

12.4 (5.7)

 

No

112 (59.6)

28 (53.8)

21 (56.8)

63 (63.6)

0.470

13.6 (5.4)

0.155

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 < 25

117 (62.2)

37 (71.2)

25 (67.6)

55 (55.6)

 

13.8 (5.0) a

 

25–29.9

50 (26.6)

12 (23.1)

8 (21.6)

30 (30.3)

 

12.4 (6.0) a,b

 

 ≥ 30

21 (11.2)

3 (5.8)

4 (10.8)

14 (14.1)

0.310

10.7 (6.4) b

0.024

Pre-pregnancy leisure time physical activity

No

140 (74.5)

38 (73.1)

32 (86.5)

70 (70.7)

 

12.7 (5.6)

 

Yes

48 (25.5)

14 (26.9)

5 (13.5)

29 (29.3)

0.165

14.5 (5.2)

0.055

  1. GWG gestational weight gain, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, N sample size.
  2. aGWG adequacy according to the Institute of Medicine (2009) guidelines for gestational week; bGWG measured at the third trimester [median 39 (IQR: 38; 40) gestational weeks]; cp-value refers to chi-squared test; dp-value refers to Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA. eMental health status assessed using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. fPersistent depressive symptoms were classified as ‘yes’ if the women presented Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score ≥ 11 at the three pregnancy trimesters. gState anxiety symptoms were measured using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. fPersistent anxiety symptoms were classified as ‘yes’ if the women presented Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory score ≥ 40 at the second and third trimesters. The analyses were not adjusted.
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