Table 2 Relationship between noise, NO2 and PM10 exposure during pregnancy and small for gestational age or fetal growth restriction, 2005–2009 (N = 8994).

From: Association between moderated level of air pollution and fetal growth: the potential role of noise exposure

 

Outcome

OR [95% CI] for an increase of 5 dB or 10 µg/m3

Yes µ (SD)

No µ (SD)

Single-exposure models

Two-exposure noise and air pollution models

Crude OR

p-value1

Adjusted OR2

p-value1

Adjusted OR2

p-value1

Small for gestational age

N = 918

N = 8071

N = 8989

 

N = 8989

 

N = 8989

 

Total noise exposure (dB) building LAeq,24 h

1.00 [0.92; 1.08]6

0.89

Entire pregnancy3

55.4 (5.5)

55.6 (5.4)

0.97 [0.91; 1.03]

0.30

0.97 [0.91; 1.03]

0.31

0.95 [0.89; 1.02]7

0.15

NO2 concentration, 50 m radius buffer (µg/m3)

 First trimester

24.3 (8.0)

24.7 (7.8)

0.94 [0.86; 1.02]

0.15

0.92 [0.84; 1.01]

0.09

0.93 [0.83; 1.03]

0.16

 Second trimester

24.2 (8.0)

24.5 (7.7)

0.96 [0.87; 1.04]

0.31

0.93 [0.85; 1.02]

0.14

0.94 [0.85; 1.05]

0.27

 Third trimester4

24.2 (7.9)

24.5 (7.7)

0.95 [0.87; 1.04]

0.25

0.93 [0.85; 1.02]

0.13

0.93 [0.84; 1.04]

0.22

 Entire pregnancy

24.2 (7.6)

24.5 (7.4)

0.94 [0.86; 1.03]

0.20

0.92 [0.84; 1.02]

0.10

0.93 [0.83; 1.04]

0.18

 The two months before delivery

24.2 (8.0)

24.5 (7.8)

0.96 [0.88; 1.05]

0.34

0.94 [0.86; 1.03]

0.19

0.95 [0.86; 1.06]

0.36

PM10 concentration, 50 m radius buffer (µg/m3)

 First trimester

18.7 (3.9)

18.7 (3.9)

1.02 [0.86; 1.22]

0.80

1.00 [0.84; 1.20]

0.97

1.02 [0.85; 1.23]

0.81

 Second trimester

18.8 (3.9)

18.6 (3.9)

1.17 [0.99; 1.39]

0.07

1.11 [0.93; 1.32]

0.26

1.13 [0.95; 1.36]

0.18

 Third trimester4

18.9 (4.0)

18.6 (4.0)

1.21 [1.03; 1.43]

0.02

1.16 [0.98; 1.38]

0.09

1.19 [1.00; 1.41]

0.06

 Entire pregnancy

18.8 (2.6)

18.6 (2.7)

1.29 [1.00; 1.66]

0.05

1.18 [0.91; 1.53]

0.21

1.25 [0.95; 1.64]

0.11

 The two months before delivery

18.9 (4.1)

18.5 (4.2)

1.20 [1.02; 1.41]

0.03

1.16 [0.99; 1.37]

0.08

1.18 [1.00; 1.40]

0.05

Fetal growth restriction

N = 587

N = 8407

N = 8994

 

N = 8994

 

N = 8994

 

Total noise exposure (dB) building LAeq,24 h

0.99 [0.90; 1.09]6

0.80

 Entire pregnancy3

55.5 (5.5)

55.6 (5.4)

0.98 [0.90; 1.06]

0.55

0.98 [0.90; 1.06]

0.58

0.98 [0.90; 1.06]7

0.61

NO2 concentration, 50 m radius buffer (µg/m3)

 First trimester

24.2 (7.7)

24.7 (7.8)

0.93 [0.83; 1.03]

0.18

0.92 [0.82; 1.03]

0.13

0.91 [0.80; 1.04]

0.15

 Second trimester

24.4 (7.8)

24.4 (7.7)

1.00 [0.90; 1.11]

0.97

0.98 [0.87; 1.10]

0.71

0.99 [0.87; 1.13]

0.91

 Third trimester5

24.6 (7.7)

24.4 (7.7)

1.03 [0.93; 1.15]

0.56

1.01 [0.90; 1.13]

0.93

1.04 [0.91; 1.19]

0.54

 Entire pregnancy

24.4 (7.4)

24.5 (7.4)

0.98 [0.88; 1.10]

0.73

0.96 [0.86; 1.08]

0.54

0.97 [0.85; 1.12]

0.70

 The two months before delivery

24.7 (7.8)

24.4 (7.8)

1.04 [0.93; 1.16]

0.49

1.03 [0.92; 1.15]

0.66

1.06 [0.93; 1.20]

0.41

PM10 concentration, 50 m radius buffer (µg/m3)

 First trimester

18.4 (3.8)

18.7 (3.9)

0.78 [0.63; 0.98]

0.03

0.77 [0.61; 0.97]

0.02

0.77 [0.61; 0.97]

0.03

 Second trimester

18.6 (3.8)

18.6 (3.9)

1.02 [0.82; 1.26]

0.87

0.96 [0.77; 1.20]

0.71

0.97 [0.77; 1.22]

0.78

 Third trimester5

19.1 (4.3)

18.5 (4.0)

1.39 [1.14; 1.70]

 < 0.01

1.35 [1.09; 1.66]

 < 0.01

1.38 [1.12; 1.70]

 < 0.01

 Entire pregnancy

18.7 (2.7)

18.6 (2.7)

1.05 [0.77; 1.43]

0.77

0.97 [0.70; 1.33]

0.85

0.99 [0.71; 1.39]

0.97

 The two months before delivery

19.1 (4.4)

18.5 (4.2)

1.35 [1.11; 1.63]

 < 0.01

1.33 [1.09; 1.62]

 < 0.01

1.35 [1.11; 1.66]

 < 0.01

  1. N: number; µ (SD): exposure average (standard deviation); OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
  2. 1Wald Chi-square test.
  3. 2Adjusted for term, maternal age above 35 years at delivery, low neighborhood socioeconomic level, maternal smoking during pregnancy, malnutrition and obesity, nulliparity, gestational hypertension, diabetes, assisted reproductive techniques, vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters, infection, major infant congenital abnormalities.
  4. 3For NO2 and PM10 indices in adjusted analyses (the results were similar with the other period indices).
  5. 4Missing data for delivery before 29 weeks of gestational age (n = 106).
  6. 5Missing data for delivery before 29 weeks of gestational age (n = 107).
  7. 6Noise and NO2.
  8. 7Noise and PM10.
Back to article page