Figure 4

The capacitance predictions of three GPR models with different mean functions and covariance functions, where the first 5% cycles are used for training. (a,c,e) are the predicted capacitances of an SC for Models 1, 2, and 3, while (b,d,f) denote the predicted errors (observed − mean). The dotted line indicates the 500th cycle. The green and blue curves represent the observed and predicted mean capacitance, while the green dots, and blue shaded areas denote the predicted training data and confidence interval, respectively. The selection of ± 1.96 for confidence interval is based on Eq. (24).