Figure 1

Distinct roles of heterogeneity and noise in (\(\eta\), \(V_{syn}\)) plane (A), (F) 2-D Bifurcation diagrams of the two-cumulant model [Eqs. (2), (3) and (4)] with different \(\Delta\) or \(\sigma\). The two regions marked “Stationary” and “Oscillatory” correspond to different dynamic modes: the region of the stationary state and that of the limit-cycle oscillation, respectively. The plus sign, multiplication sign, square and circle denote four different positions on the parameter plane. (A) The four curves are all plotted under \(P_{syn}=0.1, \sigma =0.1\), but with different values of heterogeneity \(\Delta\). (F) The four curves are all plotted under \(P_{syn}=0.1, \Delta =0.04\), but with different values of heterogeneity \(\sigma\). (B), (D), (G), (I) Raster plot of four marked positions, obtained from numerical simulation [Eqs. (1) and (2)]. (C), (E), (H), (J) Time-courses of \(g_{syn}\) at four marked positions, obtained from numerical simulation [Eqs. (1) and (2)]. All bifurcation diagrams of macroscopic model are plotted with XPPAUT³⁷. All numerical simulations of the microscopic model are generated by MATLAB (2019b, http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/).