Figure 3

Distinct roles of heterogeneity and noise in (\(P_{syn}\), \(V_{syn}\)) plane (A) Role of heterogeneity in (\(P_{syn}\), \(V_{syn}\)) plane. Bifurcation diagram of the two-cumulant model [Eqs. (2), (3) and (4)]. The three curves are all plotted under [\(\eta =0.7, \sigma =0.1\)], but with different values of heterogeneity \(\Delta\): 0.015 for blue, 0.02 for red, 0.025 for yellow. (B) The role of noise in the (\(P_{syn}\), \(V_{syn}\)) plane. The three curves are all plotted under [\(\eta =0.7, \Delta =0.02\)], but with different values of magnitude of noise \(\sigma\): 0 for blue, 0.1 for red, 0.2 for yellow. (C)–(E) Validation of increasing \(\Delta\). (F)–(H) Validation of increasing \(\sigma\). All bifurcation diagrams of macroscopic model are plotted with XPPAUT³⁷. All numerical simulations of the microscopic model are generated by MATLAB (2019b, http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/).