Figure 4
From: Effective inactivated influenza vaccine for the elderly using a single-stranded RNA-based adjuvant
Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) formulated with ssRNA increases antigen-presenting cells, activation markers, and cytokine production in T cells. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with 0.6 μg of IIV with or without ssRNA adjuvant at an interval of 2 weeks. Splenocytes and lung lymphocytes were harvested 1 week after the boost schedule. To detect cytokines, cells were stimulated for 16 h for FACS analysis, for 2 days for ELISPOT assays, and for 3 days for conducting ELISA with or without IIV. Data are represented as mean ± SD and were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The significance of differences between groups are indicated by bars and symbols as follows: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. n = 5 mice for G1, G2, G3, G5 and G6. n = 4 or 5 mice for G4. (a) Immunization groups and schedule. (b) Percentages and absolute number of macrophage and dendritic cells in young and aged mice splenocytes. (c) Percentages of CD25 and CD154 in young and aged mice lung lymphocytes. Percentages of (d,e) IFN-γ and (f,g) TNF-α in young and aged mice splenocytes. (h) Spots of influenza HA-specific IFN-γ- and IL-4-producing cells among splenocytes and lung lymphocytes measured by ELISPOT. (i) Concentration of influenza HA-specific IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 in splenocyte culture supernatant measured by ELISA.
