Figure 2

(a) Change in total energy density \(\Delta W\) during the nucleation of AFM skyrmion for varying pulse widths (\(\tau _{w}= 4.5,~5.0,~5.5\), and 6.0 ps). (b) The corresponding evolution of topological charge \(Q_A\) for sublattice A (open symbols) and \(Q_B\) of sublattice B (closed symbols).