Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Energy-efficient ultrafast nucleation of single and multiple antiferromagnetic skyrmions using in-plane spin polarized current

Figure 4

Left figures (a–c) show the evolution of topological charge for the AFM skyrmion sub-lattices A (open symbols) and sub-lattice B (closed symbols) for three different pulse widths (\(\tau_{w}=0.7, 3.1\) and 12.8 ps) for a constant current density (\(J_{x,z}=3 \times 10^{13}\) A/m\(^2\)) . Right figures (d–f) show the corresponding snapshots of AFM skyrmions at 200 ps for each case.

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