Table 1 Comparison studies on strength enhancement using baby diapers polymers, coal bottom ash and banana by-products from literatures.

Baby diapers polymers (BDP)

High strength concrete

n.a

1% BDP: 61

10% BDP: 50

Mohamad et al.¹⁸

Coal bottom ash (CBA)

Normal concrete

n.a

10% CBA: 28

15% CBA: 33

Mohd Kamal et al.¹⁹

Banana leaves ash (BLA)

Normal concrete

Water absorption index, SEM, EDS, adherence resistance

5% BLA: 33

7.5% BLA: 36

10% BLA: 36

Kanning et al.¹⁵

Banana skin powder (BSP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA)

Normal concrete

XRF, PSA

0.2% BSP: 22.3

0.8% BSP: 31.7

0.4% BSP + 15% POFA: 29.7 MPa

1% BSP + 15% POFA: 32.7 MPa

Mohamad et al.²¹

Banana stem fibre (BSF)

Normal concrete

Fibres linear density, single fibre tensile test, SEM

0.1% fibre: 28.9

0.2% fibre: 32.0

0.3% fibre: 29.7

Prakash et al.¹⁴

Banana skin ash (BSA)

Normal concrete

XRF, slump test, Blaine’s air permeability, SEM

Presented in Sub-chapter 3.2 in this research paper

Current research