Table 2 Published case reports of neurological manifestations in COVID-19 positive patients.
Author, year | Sample size (SS) | Type of study (ST) | Patient population | Treatment | Neurological condition (NC) | 2019-nCoV presence and diagnosis | Type of NS involvement (CNS/PNS) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duong et al., 202018 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 | Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin, Acyclovir, HCQ | Meningoencephalitis | PCR (CSF-NA) | CNS | They have observed a COVID-19 infection presenting as an isolated meningoencephalitis without respiratory involvement |
Karimi et al., 20208 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | Chloroquine and Lopinavir-ritonavir | GTC convulsion | Brain MRI | CNS | Association between frequent seizures and COVID-19 may be due to encephalitis and the invasion of the virus to the brain or toxic effect of inflammatory cytokines |
Moriguchi et al., 202021 | 01 | Case report | Laninamivir and antipyretic | Meningitis/encephalitis | CNS | Specific SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in the nasopharyngeal swab, it was detected in CSF | ||
Paniz-Mondolfi et al., 202022 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | HCQ and enoxaparin | Confusion Agitation and combative | Nasopharyngeal swab test (RT-PCR positive) | CNS | Transmission electron microscopy of sections obtained at post-mortem examination revealed the presence of 80–110 nm viral particles in frontal lobe brain sections |
Scheidl et al., 202023 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | NA | Guillain Barre syndrome | RT-PCR positive | PNS | Our case draws attention to the occurrence of GBS also in patients with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), who did not experience respiratory or general symptoms |
Sedaghat et al., 202024 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | HCQ, LPV/RTV Azithromycin | Guillain Barre syndrome | RT-PCR positive | PNS | Suggested the treatment with IVIG or plasmapheresis should be initiated along with antiviral treatment |
Somani et al., 202025 | 01 | Case report | Levetiracetam, lacosamide, Phenytoin, Midazolam | Dyspnea (1/2) Myalgias (1/2 Myoclonic status Epilepticus with coma (MSE) (1/2) | RT-PCR positive | CNS and PNS | Asymptomatic COVID-19. Altered mental status in patients with COVID-19 | |
Toscano et al., 202026 | 05 | Correspondence | COVID-19 positive (4/5) | Intra-venous immunoglobulin (IVIG) | Guillain–Barré syndrome | RT-PCR positive | PNS | First symptoms of Guillain–Barré syndrome is similar to the interval seen with GBS that occurs during or after other infections |
Virani et al., 202027 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | Intra venous immunoglobulin (IVIG) HCQ | Guillain–Barré syndrome | RT-PCR positive | PNS | Author cognizant of the neurological presentation of GBS that is likely associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Zhao et al., 202028 | 01 | Case report | COVID-19 positive | Arbidol, Lopinavir, Ritonavir | Guillain–Barré syndrome | RT-PCR positive | PNS | Study showed a possible causal association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection |
